Floor finishes in commercial and institutional uses make considerable use of synthetic-fibre carpeting and vinyl composition tile. In areas of higher traffic harder surfaces may be used—for example, cut stone tiles of marble or granite, ceramic tile applied with epoxy adhesive to the substrate, or terrazzo. Terrazzo is made in two ways, traditional and thin-set. In the traditional form a four-centimetre (1.5-inch) layer of cement and sand grout is poured over the substrate; a grid of metal divider strips to control shrinkage cracks is set on the hardened surface, and grout mix of coloured cement and marble chips is poured between the strips. After hardening, the surface is machine polished to expose the marble chips and metal dividers. Thin-set terrazzo is made by placing the metal strips and pouring the binder and marble chips directly onto the subfloor, without the underbed of cement and sand. It is generally possible only when epoxy resins are used in place of cement binders. Terrazzo is available in many colours, and it forms a hard, smooth, and durable surface that is easily cleaned. Hardwood Floor Solid hardwood flooring of the past in lengths able to span joists is becoming more of a rare thing. Commodity flooring in a variety of lengths, some as short as 6 or 8 inches, is more the norm. Laminate Flooring Laminate flooring can cover other, existing floor coverings, as long as the total height of the flooring does not interfere with other functions. As a floating floor, laminate flooring is easy to remove and replace with new laminate flooring. Engineered Wood Flooring Engineered wood flooring is a hybrid that brings the best of solid hardwood with the functionality of dimensionally stable plywood. Hardwood veneer comprises the very top layer of engineered wood flooring. Sheet Vinyl Flooring Sheet vinyl flooring stretches from end to end of a room, often as one continuous sheet. Vinyl Tile Flooring Vinyl tile flooring is a floor covering that depends on an ultra-smooth underlayment so that bumps and imperfections from below do not telegraph to the top of the flooring. Wooden flooring Such types of flooring is mostly preferred in cold winter as wood is a bad conductor of heat and so warm temperature is maintained in the house. Small pieces of planks when kept together leaving no voids in between, constitute the wooden flooring. In some floorings a thin layer of veneer finish is also given to enhance the look. The veneer finish comes in matte as well as in glossy form. It is solely up to the owner of the house to select the suitable type of finish. Concrete flooring Concrete flooring is preferred in hot weather conditions as it maintains the temperature inside the house cool. Nowadays, many textures have emerged in concrete flooring and so people are opting such flooring. Laminates It is board made of fibre and is compressed to make a thin flat plate.

1. PRESENTED BY:
RIYA
SNEHA KOTHARI
SHREYA KUMBHAR
SAMRUDDHI SASANE
PRANAV SATHE
FLOOR FINISH
SUBMITTED TO:
AR.SNEHA SHARMA
AR.SUNITA KOTHARI
AR.PURNIMA CHITALE

2. CONTENT
1.INTRODUCTION
2.CEMENT CONCRETE
FLOORING
3.MARBLE FLOORING
4.GRANITE FLOORING
5.KOTA STONE
6.FLAGSTONE
7.TILE FLOORING
8.CARPET FLOORING
9.TIMBER FLOORING
10.BRICK FLOORING
11.MUD FLOORING
12.LINOLEUM FLOORING
13.TERAZZO FLOORING
14.RUBBER FLOORING
15.PVC SHEETING
FLOORING
16.REFRENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
Floors of a building are as important as the
foundation of a building.They have to bear
the forces of our everyday activities and at
the same time provide an aesthetic
appearance to the interior of the building .It
is therefore important to choose the right
flooring that is versatile and suits our
building the best.
There are various types of flooring
materials used in building
construction and their selection
depends on application ,
aesthetics and choice of user

4. WHAT IS FLOOR ?
A floor is the 'lower horizontal
surface of any space in a building,
including finishes that are laid as
part of the permanent
construction. '
THE IMPORTANCE
OF FLOORING
Flooring, the general term used to refer to the material covering the bare floor plate, is one of
the largest elements to consider when designing a space. Since the floor is underfoot and takes
up so much real estate in any space, it has a significant impact on the aesthetic of your office.

5. Factors to be considered while selecting material for
flooring :
Durability
Flooring
be
should
durable
enough with a
life equal to the
life of other
components of
the structure
Appearance
The appearance of
the floor should be
aesthetic. Flooring
products made of
different materials
are available in
markets with
colors,
designs,
different
shapes,
sizes, etc.
Initial Cost
The quality
durability may
increase along
with the cost. But
the selection of
the cost of
flooring material
is done based on
several factors
Hardness
and The floor material
should be hard
enough to resist
the wear and tear
caused by loads.It
should not allow
the formation of
dents when loads
are moved on it.
Smoothness
The top surface of the
floor material should
be smooth and level. A
rough surface is not
good to look and also
damages the base of
the equipment placed
on the floor.

6. Factors to be considered while selecting material for
flooring :
Damp
resistance
The floor material
should exhibit
good resistance
against dampness
in
like
and
especially
places
kitchens
bathrooms .
Cleanliness
The floor selected
should be easy to
clean. It should not
absorb any
solutions such as
oils, greases, etc. It
should not allow
the formation of
stains on it.
Fire
resistance
The
should
floor
have
good fire
resistance,
especially
upper floors
Thermal
Insulation
The floor material
should offer good
thermal resistance.
PVC, asphalt, cork,
rubber, etc. are
good thermal
insulators.
Sound Insulation
The floor material
good in
insulating
should be
sound
otherwise it will
produce noise when
users walk on it.

7. CEMENT
CONCRETE
FLOORING
Cement concrete flooring is one
of the most common types of
used in both in
as well
flooring
residential
buildings owing to
as public
its non-
absorbent nature and thus it is
very useful for water stores,
durability, smooth and pleasing
in appearance, good wearing
properties, easy maintenance
and is economical.

8. MANUFACTURE
Cement concrete flooring tiles shall be
manufactured from a mixture of cement,
natural aggregates and colouring
material where required, by pressure
process (with or without vacuum
dewatering) or vibration (with or without
vacuum dewatering) or a combination of
both, so that the tiles meet the
requirements specified in the standard.
Concrete is the most commonly used flooring material. It is
suitable for any type of construction and is cheaper than others
and durable.
Cement Concrete mix of 1:3:6 to 1:5:10 or lime concrete with 40%
1:2 lime sand mortar and 60% coarse aggregate is used as base
course. After hardening, 1:2:4 cement concrete mix with 40 mm
thick layer is laid as the topping.
In industrial buildings, a granolithic finish is provided to obtain
hard wearing surface. The granolithic finish can be obtained
from rich concrete with a tough quality coarse aggregate mix.

9. 1.First properly compact the earth in the plinth.
2.Over this compacted earth filling, uniformly
spread a layer of clean coarse sand about 10 to 15
cm thick.
3.A base concrete of grade M10 (1 cement : 3 sand :
6 coarse aggregate) is then laid over the sand
layer in the required slope and tamped properly.
The thickness of base concrete is generally 100
mm.
4.Level the top of the base concrete and left it to
set and harden.
5.Thoroughly clean the surface upon hardening.
6.Divide the top of the floor into panels, rectangular
or square in shape, by using glass or other strips.
The area of the panels should preferably less than
2 square meters.
7.After completion of the paneling, moist the top of
the base concrete and apply cement slurry on it.
PROCESS
8.Over this cement slurry, provide a layer of
cement concrete of grade M15 (1 cement :2 sand
: 4 coarse aggregate) of required thickness (say
40 mm).
9.Tamp the top surface thoroughly to compact it
and use wooden floats to obtain a smooth
surface. The surface so obtained is cured for
about 10 days before putting it to use.

10. MARKET SURVEY
Red And Grey Concrete
Cement Ramp Track Tile,
Thickness: 25 M M
₹ 25/ sq ft
Red and Yellow concrete
checkered cement tile
Size :1 SQ.FT.
₹30/ Piece
Gloss Cement Concrete
Checkered tile
Thickness :25 M M
₹25/ Piece

11. MARBLE
FLOORING
Marble is a very popular natural stone that is
quarried and cut into slabs and tiles for a
variety of residential and commercial building
applications, including countertops, floors,
and wall tiles. It is a metamorphic rock that
forms when a sedimentary stone, such as
limestone, is transformed under heat and
pressure into a harder stone with beautiful
color and veined patterns. Marble is
sometimes confused with granite, however,
granite is an igneous
volcanic magma, not
rock derived from
layered sedimentary
rock. Granite typically has a pebbly or spotted
color pattern, while marble usually has a wavy
veined pattern.

12. Easily polished
PROS:
Elegant, upscale appearance
Natural material
CONS:
Porous stone, requires sealing
Scratches, stains easily
Expensive
Slippery and brittle
Cold underfoot
PROS AND CONS Maintenance and Repair
Once installed, routine maintenance of a marble tile floor is
relatively easy; it requires the same kind of sweeping and
damp mopping you would do with a ceramic tile floor.
However, unlike ceramic tile, marble is fairly porous, so you
shouldn't allow water to puddle and stand on the surface.
Accommodates radiant floor heating
Standing water can penetrate the stone and discolor it.
Adds real estate value

13. MANUFACTURING
Marble is an elegant addition to any home. From its timeless appearance to natural intricacies, this natural
stone is an elegant addition to any home. Surface renovations benefit from the alluring appearance of marble,
while even improving the overall resale value of the home or commercial property.
A Result of Heat and Pressure
When limestone is exposed to excessive heat and pressure, it goes through what is known as recrystallization,
creating a mosaic of several different rocks (and colors). During this process, texture of limestone is changed so
drastically it is transformed into marble.
How Colors are Formed
The marble forms into ornate white, sandstone, green, and even veined blue hues. White marble is the result of
pure limestone going through a metamorphosis, while green marble occurs as the result of serpentine
From Quarry to Manufacturer
Marble is extracted in large chunks from quarries. Once it is “harvested” marble is transported to mills where it
is sawed and cut. Marble and tile are inspected for imperfections and “faults” before being sold at the
consumer level.
The mill workers then check for cracks or faults which are filled by pigmented resins. After that process, the
marble is then finished and sealed then sent to various retail stores

14. INSTALLATION OF MARBLE FLOOR
Marble flooring installation requires proper design
and pattern as the veins in marble should get
matched with other marble. Otherwise, it will look
ugly, and therefore the whole charm of marble
flooring will get lost. Marble flooring is laid with
white cement and yellow sand. It should be
moulded on all four side edges before laying.
Therefore, proper joints space should be provided
due to the moulding while marble flooring
installation. This moulding will help during thermal
expansion and it will provide not only good bond
between two stones but it will also provide space
for expansion so that it doesn’t pop up or buckle
under heat like ceramic or vitrified tiles.

15. USES OF MARBLE
IN STAIRCASE
FOR FURNITURE
IN FLOORING

16. WHITE DUNGRI MARBLE
RUPEES 50/SQ FEET
LIGHT GREEN KATNI
MARBLE ,20MM
RUPEES 150/SQ FEET
WHITE MORWAD MARBLE
14 MM
RUPEES 35 / SQ FEET
MARKET SURVEY

17. GRANITE
FLOORING
Granite is a range of natural stone
that is made from cooling molten
rock in the ground. This time-
consuming and high-pressure
process results in granite stone. It
is an igneous rock that is mainly
strong and solid. Granite is made
up of minerals such as feldspar
and quartz, which add to its
feature sparkle. It can be used in
almost any part of your house and
comes in both honed, matte slabs,
as well as brushed, shiny tiles.

18. PROS AND CONS
Pros
It is durable
Granite is incredibly hard, meaning that it will stand up excellently to things like pet
claws or heavy foot traffic with out so much as a scratch.
When properly sealed, granite is very resistant to moisture
Granite’s natural beauty is one of the main reasons that people choose it as a
flooring material.
Cons
Granite is costly.
Granite can be slippery when it is highly polished
Granite has a cumbersome installation process.
Granite needs to be periodically resealed in order
to keep it properly protected.

19. Clean and dry the sub-floor dry before installing. Peeling paint
paints and residual sealant should be removed using sanding or
scrapping.
Use 90 degree corner granite floor tile.
Lay floor tiles and use plastic spacer to keep the granite tiles
properly aligned. Trim the tiles using a wet saw, so as to fit.
Now mix the thin-set as per the instructions on the pack. Then
use a trowel to spread an even layer of thin-set over the sub-
floor.
Place the backer-board and screw it down. This makes the
surface smooth and which protect granite from damages.
Hold the trowel at 45 degree angle to form consistent ridges.
Use a slight twisting motion to press the granite tile into the
mortar, by tapping it down with a rubber mallet. This ensures
force out air pockets for complete contact.
Allow the mortar to dry for 24 hours.
PROCESS OF GRANITE FLOORING :

20. In small batches mix grout and use it within 20 minutes.
The consistency of grout should be like toothpaste.
Then work the grout into the tile joints with a grout float.
Clean off any excess grout paste with the help float and using damp
sponge.
Now leave the grout for three days.
Now apply a penetrating grout sealant. After applying the
sealant remove the excess sealant from the tile.

21. USES OF GRANITE FLOORING
Granite Floors Can Last a Lifetime
There Are Many Colors and Patterns to
Choose From
It’s Resistant to Staining
Granite Tiles Are Hypoallergenic
.Granite Floors Can Boost the Value of
Your Property
Indian Granite Colors

22. MARKET SURVEY
Polished Desert Brown Granite
Stone Slab Thickness: 17 mm
₹ 72/ Square Feet
White Granite Stone
₹ 21.00 / Square Feet
Onion Red Granite
Stone, 20 Mm
₹ 400/ Square Feet

23. MARKET SURVEY
Granite Slabs, For Flooring,
Thickness: 15-20 mm
₹ 75/ Square Feet
Polished Slab
Marqino
Black
Granite,
Thickness: 15-20 mm
₹ 65/ Square Feet
Polished Slab Granite
Thickness: 15-20 mm
₹ 50/ Sq ft

24. KOTA
STONE
Kota stone is a fine grained variety of Limestone
(Chemical composition is Siliceous Calcium
Carbonate), sedimentary origin, quarried in Kota
and Jhalawar districts of Rajasthan. Kotastone’s
fascinating natural look, toughness and cost
effectiveness makes it the most extensively used
stone for both residential and commercial flooring.
Kota Stone Flooring comes with a shiny appearance
and charismatic colours such as blue, yellow, grey,
greenish-blue and brown. Kota Stone is available in
different shapes and sizes and can easily blend
with any home interior or exterior flooring design.

25. PROS AND CONS
PROS
It is a hard, non-porous, and
homogeneous material that can be
widely used in different areas.
It is not water absorbent and is anti-slip
hence is the most perfect and hygienic
flooring for humid areas.
It is very strong and long-lasting.
The stone can be polished again if a
fresh appearance is desired.
Kota is resistant enough to fit any
climatic conditions – dry, humid, or cold.
CONS
It is not available in big slab sizes like
marble or granite. Kota is a variety of
limestone which is very fragile hence it is
available in smaller sizes.
Kota is not acid and alkali resistant and can
be stained easily.
Continuous usage of Kota stone might
result in flaking. However if it is well
maintained and polished regularly flaking
of the stone might be prevented.
Its surface finish is not so lustrous as
marble or granite.
The stone does need regular maintenance
but care should be taken not to drag heavy
furniture over it.

26. KOTA STONE FLOORING PROCESS
The thickness of mortar bedding shall not be less than 40 mm.
The stone slabs shall be thoroughly wetted with clean water.
Mortar of the specified mix shall be spread under the area of each slab in accordance with
the overall slope.
It shall be pressed tapped with a wooden mallet and brought to the level.
The stone to be lifted and laid aside.
The top surface of the mortar is to be corrected by adding fresh mortar at hollows.
The mortar is allowed to harden a bit and cement slurry of honey-like consistency shall be
spread over the same @ 4.4 Kg per SqM.
The edges of the slabs are already paved to be buttered with cement with or
without pigment.
The slab is to be tapped to the desired level with a fine joint.
The surplus cement slurry to be cleaned.

27. CURING, POLISHING & FINISHING
The curing of the slab by wetting the surface shall be continued for a minimum
period of seven days. Thereafter the surface shall be ground evenly with a machine
fitted with fine grade grit block (No. 120). After grinding the surface should be
prepared by thoroughly washing and cleaning for final grinding. Final grinding is
done the day after the first grinding with a machine fitted with the finest grade grit
blocks (No.320).
Hand polishing may be allowed instead of machine polishing for small areas after
laying. In the case of hand polishing carborundum stones of medium grade (No. 80)
and fine grade (No. 120) shall be used for first and final polishing respectively.
The polished surface is then rubbed hard with oxalic acid sprinkled with water and
spread at the rate of 33 gm per square meter using the pad of woolen rags, also
known as namdah block.

28. MARKET SURVEY
Grey Normal polished Kota
Stone
SIZE: 32 to 37 MM
₹ 22/ Sq Ft
Blue Leather Polish Kota
Stone
₹ 27/ Square Feet
Grey leather finish
Flooring Kota Stone,
Thickness: 25 To 45
Mm
₹ 25/ Square Feet

29. MARKET SURVEY
Uncut Kota Stone, Thickness:
20-25 Mm
₹ 20/ Square Feet
Kota Green Limestone, Thickness: 15 To 35 Mm
₹ 8/ Square Feet
Blue And Green Kota Stone
₹ 45/ Square Feet

30. FLAGSTONE
Flagstone (flag) is a generic flat stone,
sometimes cut in regular rectangular
or square shape and usually used for
paving slabs or walkways, patios,
flooring, fences and roofing. It may be
used for memorials, headstones,
facades and other construction. The
name derives from Middle English
flagge meaning turf, perhaps from Old
Norse flaga meaning slab or chip.
Flagstone is a sedimentary rock that is
split into layers along bedding planes.
Flagstone is usually a form of a
sandstone composed of feldspar and
quartz and is arenaceous in grain size
(0.16 mm – 2 mm in diameter).

31. PROS AND CONS
PROS :
1.Flagstone flooring is very economical for the place
where the stone is easily available.
2.Maintenance is easy and cheap.
3.It is hard, durable and wear-resistant.
4.It can withstand the wear due to movement of heavy
load.
CONS :
1.It is not a very fine and smooth type of
floor.
2.It is not very impervious as water can
percolate through damaged portions.
3.When iron-tired thellas move over the
flagstone floor, it produces a lot of noise.

32. METHOD OF FLAGSTONE FLOORING
For the construction of flagstone flooring, first of all, a layer of earth is filled uniformly in the flooring area.
The layer is rammed hard after mixing water to it.
If the soil quality is not too good, a layer of rubble boulders or broken brick-bats around 250 mm thick is
laid on it. This layer is then rammed so that broken bricks are fully embedded in the flooring soil, and a
hard bed is obtained.
A layer of lime concrete, 100 mm to 150 mm thick, is then spread over the hard bed. Again this layer is
rammed to get a consolidated layer and left to set for 2 to 3 days.
After this process, a layer of lime mortar, 20 to 25 mm thick is spread and flagstones are fitted in it. Once
stone slabs are properly set in the mortar layer, mortar that has come out through joints is raked off for a
depth of about 20 mm and flush pointed with 1:3 cement mortar.
The standard dimensions of stone blocks are usually 300 mm x 300 mm, 450 mm x 450 mm, 600 mm x
600 mm and 450 mm x600 mm. The stones used should be enough hard, durable and of fine quality.
The stones are dressed on all the edges so that joints are kept thin, to give them a better look. These
types of floors are used in such a place(like as Stores, Godowns, sheds, etc.) where heavy load movement
have to be handled

33. INSTALLATION OF FLAGSTONE FLOORING
1)Preparation
Choosing to use Flagstone tiles leaves you with a selection of
design options, and one important consideration is the laying
pattern.
2) Mixing Adhesive
Adhesives are mixed in proportions as per the requirements
3) Apply the Adhesive
Carefully apply the adhesive to one tile at a time, taking
time to apply an even spread underneath each of the tiles.
Arrange the tiles in the desired formation, ensuring an
adequate quantity of tile adhesive. Be careful not to
create an uneven surface by using different amounts of
adhesive.

34. 4) Level the tiles
Use a spirit level to check that the tiles are level. If any
adjustment is required, gently tap with a rubber mallet
to knock back into place.
5) Grouting
Use a pointer tool to apply grout into the gaps in the
tiles. Remove any excess using a damp sponge or cloth
and allow to dry.
6) Sealing
Flagstone floors are robust and hard-wearing, but
in order to maintain their freshness and to protect
against unforeseen damage, it is recommended
that the tile is sealed. A sealed floor will not only
last longer but will repel spills and stains, requiring
little maintenance and saving future expense.

35. MARKET SURVEY
Grey Green Yellow
red Flagstone
₹ 43/ Square Feet
Random Flagstones, For
Flooring, Thickness: 5-10
mm
₹ 30/ Square Feet Kuppam Green
Granite Flag Stone
₹ 50/ Square Feet

36. TILE
FLOORING
These are commonly made of ceramic or
stone, although recent technological
advances have resulted in rubber or glass
tiles for floors as well. Ceramic tiles may be
painted and glazed. Small mosaic tiles may
be laid in various patterns. Floor tiles are
typically set into mortar consisting of sand,
cement and often a latex additive. The
spaces between the tiles are commonly filled
with sanded or unsanded floor grout.

37. PROS AND CONS
PROS
Very durable
Impervious to water and stains
Non-allergenic
Many design options
CONS
Can be cold
Hard underfoot
Very heavy
Difficult and time-consuming
to install
Constructed from the square, hexagonal, or other
shapes
Made of clay ( pottery), cement concrete, or terrazzo.
Available in different sizes and thicknesses.
Commonly used in residential houses, offices,
schools, hospitals, and other public buildings, for floor
to be laid quickly.

38. MANUFACTURING
Water and raw materials mix together until a sand-like consistency is reached. Recipes vary
slightly however feldspar, clay, silica sand and other materials are included in the mixture.
In this next step, a spray dryer removes the excess moisture from the mixture until the
perfect consistency is reached before the mixture is moved into a press.
Now, the porcelain mixture is pressed to form the tile. Each size and shape of available
porcelain tiles use a special punch to create the body of the tile, called Greenware.
Greenware is the term used for tiles that have not been glazed or fired. Prior to that step,
the raw materials are placed in a dryer to remove moisture, readying the tiles for the next
step.
After the tiles have dried, the next step is to add the pattern and colors using a state-of-
the- art inkjet printer. After the pattern is applied, the glaze is applied to protect the tiles.
After the tiles have dried, the next step is to add the pattern and colors using a state-
of- the-art inkjet printer. After the pattern is applied, the glaze is applied to protect the tiles

39. BASE FOR TILE FLOORING
Flooring may be laid on a reasonably rigid base.
Surface of the base shall be rough to form a suitable key with
bedding mortar.
The base, about 35 to 50 mm below the level of the finished
floor, is to be properly graded and free from loose earth, dirt,
dust, and lumps.
LAYING OF TILES
Laying of Bedding Mortar-
For pre-finished ceramic tiles – the bedding mortar used for this has the cement and coarse sand ratio of
1:4
For glazed earthenware tile -the bedding mortar used for this has the cement and coarse sand ratio of 1:3
Quantity of water should be such that it gives the motar a sufficient amount of plasticity and also makes
the mortar workable.
Average thickness of bedding mortar = 20 mm
Thickness under the tile = not less than 10 mm.
Allowed to harden for 12 to 24 hours.
Before laying the tiles, neat cement slurry is spread over the bedding mortar

40. LAYING OF TILES
Tiles are laid flat, gently pressed into the bedding mortar
with the help of a wooden mallet.
Before laying the tiles, a thin paste of cement is applied
on their sides, over the entire perimeter surface
Joints between adjacent tiles are cleaned of loose
mortar etc. to a depth of 5 mm, using a wire brush
Then grouted with cement slurry of the tile color.
The slurry is also applied over the flooring.
Then curing is done for seven days
In Vitrified ceramic tiles – wetting of the back surface
before laying is adequate.
In Glazed earthenware tiles - tiles are soaked in water for
an hour before laying.

41. MARKET SURVEY
PORCELAIN RAK CERAMIC
TILE, THICKNESS: 5-10
MM
RS 70/SQUARE FEET
.
SIZE:-2X2 FEET
.
SOMANY FLOOR TILE ,
SIZE:-60 X 60 CM.
Rs 55/Square Feet
SOMANY BEIGE FLOOR
TILE RS 130/SQUARE
FEET

42. CARPET
FLOORING
Carpet Floor is a soft floor covering made
of bound carpet fibers or stapled fibers,
typically consisting of an upper layer of
pile attached to a backing. Carpeting
refers to wall-to-wall coverage, which is
typically used indoors and can be used in
both high and low traffic areas, it
typically lasts for 15-18 years before it
needs to be replaced. It offers the right
balance of safety, comfort, performance
and aesthetic pleasure.

43. PROS AND CONS
PROS
Warm and soft to the touch
fairly inexpensive
there is a wide selection of colors and
styles
they offer insulation and sound
proofing
easy to clean
easy to maintain and repair
CONS
May flatten and harden
There is the possibility of mold grown
in area of high moisture
They tend to absorb large spills into
the pads underneath
They could require professional
cleaning
They have been known to retain odors
and bacteria

44. Preparing the yarn
Dyeing the yarn
Tufting the carpet
Dyeing the tufted carpet
Finishing the carpet
Quality Control
MANUFACTURING
OF CARPET

45. PREPARATION
Measure the space area of the room to be carpeted
make sure the room floor is clean and smooth
scrape up any paint or remove the doors for easy
installation
STEPS
cut tackle strips with strip cutter and nail them half-
inch away from the wall
lay the carpet pad perpendicularly and staple it near
the tackle strips with a staple hammer
use a utility knife to trim the carpet along the interior
edge of the tackless strip so that they are exposed
With the use of a carpet, knife trim the carpet to fit
around any obstacle
Trim away the excess carpet using a wall trimmer.
INSTALLATION

46. MARKET SURVEY
Grey Fiber
Decorative
Carpet
Flooring
₹30/
Square
Feet
Plain Carpet Flooring, Thickness
(Millimetres): 4 mm,12 mm & 15 mm
₹ 34/ Square Feet
PP Carpet Flooring
₹60/ Square Feet

47. TIMBER
FLOORING
Wood flooring is any product
manufactured from timber that is
designed for use as flooring,
either structural or aesthetic.
Wood is a common choice as a
flooring material and can come in
various styles, colors, cuts, and
species.

48. PROS AND CONS
PROS:
A long-term investment
Variety
Quality that is ageless
Easy maintenance and
hygiene
Healthy air quality at home
Better for babies
Good acoustics
Improves the value of your
home
Organic
Easy installation
CONS:
Cost
Prone to termite attack
Avoid water contact
Scratching
Limited usage
Cupping
Crowning
Molds
Noise
High maintenance

49. TYPES OF INSTALLATION OF TIMBER FLOORING
1.Nail/Staple down method of construction:
It’s one of the most demanding methods of laying or installing a wooden
floor and requires highly skilled people with specialized tools like a foot-
nailer and so one needs to be a qualified professional. This method is
possible only when there is a wooden sub-floor as nailing in concrete is
practically not possible.This kind of method is used mostly for laying solid
wood floors. This is because solid wood is thicker and more prone to
expansion and hence a glue-down method is not ideal for it.
2.Wooden floorings Using Glue down floor laying method
The key to this method is laying the sub-floor on co-ordinates of stability
and sound, other than successful installation. It incorporates the use of
specialist adhesives, also called bonding agents to glue the wooden
boards to the sub-floor. One important note in this method of wooden
flooring system is that we should only use flexible adhesives, as wood, be
it any variety, has a property of expanding or contracting. For the same
reason it is advisable to leave expansion joints around any fixed
installation of wood.

50. 3.Floating Wooden floor installation
Rather than fixing the floorboards to the sub-
floor, you fix the panels or boards to each other
and keep them floating. It is done by tongue and
groove joinery, but this joint is fixed firmly by
using a PVA adhesive.
There is also a click-lock system, where we don’t
need an external adhesive as the boards get
locked together. SO when the boards expand, the
entire wooden floor expands as a whole unit. For
this reason, an expansion gap is left around the
periphery of the entire room, to accommodate
any differences caused.
Ideally, Laminate flooring can be done
Floating floor installation technique.
engineered wood is also possible using
using
But,
this
technique. However, it is not a good option for
solid wood flooring.

51. Houses in hilly areas
USES:
In Dancing Halls
In Auditoriums

52. Manufacturers and suppliers
Sundek interio Private Limited
Fort, Mumbai
Crown Inc.
Dharampeth ,Nagpur
Interclas Creations
koramangala ,Bengaluru
A to Z Lifestyle (India) Private Limited
Mumbai
Designerz
Chennai
Apex (India) Agencies
Basni ,Jodhpur
Timber Floorings - Timber Floorboards Latest Price, Manufacturers & Suppliers (indiamart.com)

53. BRICK
FLOORING
A brick floor is defined as a floor surface
constructed out of many individual bricks laid
like tiles, either with or without mortar or
grouting.
Red brick is used for the flooring which is made
from clay. Red brick is the most popular and
leading building material because it is cheap,
hard, durable and easy to handle and to work
with. Brick flooring is derived from pavers, which
are thinner than the regular bricks used in walls
and other structural elements. Brick Flooring is
commonly used in godowns; ware houses,
residential houses, garden, roads and in areas
where good bricks are available.

54. PROS
Durable and easy to clean
Non-allergenic
Fireproof
Adds drama
Non-slip surface
CONS
Hard surface
Cold underfoot
Susceptible to stains
Requires sealing
PROS AND CONS

55. LAYING OF BRICKS
Bricks are laid on edge and on bed.
The joint between the brick should not exceed10mm thickness
The brick is protected from rain when mortar is still green.
LAYING
The bricks shall be laid on the edge on 12mm mortar bed in plain or diagonal herring bone
pattern.
Each brick should be properly bedded and set home by gently tapping with wooden trowel
handle or mallet.
Its inside face is applied with mortar, before the next brick is laid and pressed against it.
On competition of a portion of flooring the joints should be filled with mortar.
The surface of the flooring during laying should be frequently checked with a straight edge.
CURING
Brick work should be protected from rain by suitable covering when the mortar is still green.
Brickwork shall be kept constantly moist on all faces for a period of 7 days.

56. METHOD OF CONTRUCTION

57. REGIONS OF USE
CORRIDORS
HOUSE INTERIOR OUTDOOR AREA

58. MARKET SURVEY
Natural brick flooring
₹ 70/ Piece
Herringbone Brick Pattern Stamp
Concrete Flooring
₹ 55/ Square Feet

59. MUD
FLOORING
Mud flooring is one of the types of
flooring. When our ancestors shifted
to building homes, they first started
off with building mud houses. Even
when they started to build houses
with bamboo strips, the flooring type
was still mud flooring.

60. PROS AND CONS
PROS:
The main advantage of mud flooring is; it is eco-friendly.
Mud flooring is a very cheap option
Mud flooring has the ability to control temperature variations. During summer it stays cool
and vice versa during wintertime. It can provide a fairly warm atmosphere.
It is a fire-resistant
Skilled laborers are not required to do the mud flooring.
CONS:
It is not durable
Mud flooring requires frequent maintenance, once or twice a week.
The surface of the mud flooring is not smooth
Mud flooring gets weathered due to certain activities i.e. walking, moving of furniture, etc.
It is not moisture resistant therefore there are chances of the growth of bacteria which is
unhygienic.
It dost not resist heavy load as the floor gets a dent.
Mud flooring has low resistance to stain as it has high porosity.

61. CONSTRUCTION
Wet the base floor with water
Spread out the mix
Ram well so as to get the consolidated thickness of 150
mm
Water is not added during the process of ramming
Flatten the floor surface with a trowel
To maintain the mud floor in good condition, a thin coat
of cement cow dung is added or twice a week in
proportion of a 1:2 ratio
MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR MUD FLOORING
Sifted sand
Clay
Cow dung
Chopped and
sifted straw

62. REGIONS OF USE
HOUSE INTERIOR
CORRIDOR

63. LINOLEUM
FLOORING
A covering available in rolls which is
spread directly on concrete or wooden
flooring.Linoleum sheets may be plain
or printed . It may be 2 to 6 mm thick
and 2 to 4 m wide . Linoleum tiles are
also available.Linoleum coverings are
attractive , resilient,durable,cheap and
can be cleaned easily .It rots when gets
wet .Hence it cannot be used for
bathroom and kitchen

64. PROS AND CONS
CONS :
Limited
Selection
Discoloration
Expensive
PROS :
Resiliency
flooring.
Water-
resistance
Eco-friendly
Low
maintenance
Modern manufacturing methods are used to
produce plain and
decorative patterns.
made by cutting squares out of
inlaid, or printed,
Inlaid patterns are
two
differently coloured linoleum sheets and
attaching them to the backing material.
MANUFACTURING
process
n the original
for
manufacturing
linoleum, a thin film
of linseed oil was
allowed to oxidize.
This process was
eventually replaced
by a faster method
in which linseed oil
is oxidized in large
cylindrical kettles
where
stirred
the oil is
at elevated
temperatures.

65. INSTALLATION
Remove Old Flooring
Level the Floor
Acclimate Flooring
Mark Center Point
Dry Fit the Tile
Spread the Adhesive
Cut the Tiles to Fit
Cover the Edge
Roll the Floor

66. CAFE
OFFICE
KITCHEN
REGIONS OF USE

67. MARKET SURVEY
Linoleum Flooring
₹ 200/ Square Feet
Laminated Linoleum Flooring
₹ 12/ Square Feet
Linoleum Carpet
₹ 36/ Square Feet

68. TERAZZO
FLOORING
Terrazzo is a composite material
either poured in place or precast or
hydraulically pressed as tiles.
Terrazzo is used for floor and wall
decorative finishes. It consists of
marble, quartz, granite, glass, or
other suitable chips; sprinkled or
unsprinkled,
binder that
and poured with a
is cementitious,
chemical or a combination of both.

69. hardens naturally for several weeks. The next step is abrasive
polishing, which removes a surface layer of 2-5 mm and uncovers the
decorative aggregates. Finally, to harden the surface and brighten the
colours a final fine surface polishing is done.
PROS AND CONS
PROS :
Long-lasting.
Seamless look
Durability
Easy to keep clean.
Versatility
Eco-friendly
CONS :
Maintenance
Slippery
Cold underfoot
Not DIYable
Expensive
Installation risks
MANUFACTURING
Terrazzo is a type of
concrete manufactured with
care and incorporating
quality components: white
cement,
(powders
fine aggregates
and micro-
aggregates) and chips,
fragments or pieces of
marble or other decorative
materials.
After adding water, this mixture is poured into a mould and then

70. INSTALLATION PROCESS
The first and most important step in the installation of terrazzo is preparing the surface, which aids in
preparing the substrate for a strong bond to the terrazzo mixture. The surface is prepared with a shot
blast machine that releases metal shot to remove any residue from the substrate.
The next step in terrazzo installation is crack detailing.
Next, you prime the floor with an epoxy primer to again strengthen the bond to the substrate.
Once the floor is primed, the terrazzo divider strips are put into place and secured. This allows for
multiple colors, complex designs, and whimsical patterns to be constructed.
The aggregate, epoxy, and hardener are then mixed together.
Once the mixture is made the artisans begin pouring into the metal forms placed on the floor.
The terrazzo craftsman will either hand trowel or utilize a power trowel to even out the mixture and
make sure it is distributed throughout the form evenly. Once level, it is left to cure.
When the floor is cured the artisans will grind the floor with a floor grinder that utilizes pads comprised
of diamond plates that are spun at a high velocity, taking the floor texture from rough to smooth
ensuring an even and brilliant surface.
Once the grinding process is complete the floor is then grouted to cover any pinholes.
The final step is to hone and seal the floor, giving it extra protection and brilliance to the final product.

72. MARKET SURVEY
Glossy Terrazzo Flooring,
Thickness: 3 mm
₹ 250/ Square Feet
Polus Smooth And
Shiny Epoxy Terrazo
Flooring
Thickness: 4 To 6mm
₹ 400/ Square Feet
White O Dusk Terrazzo
Flooring
₹ 61/ Square Feet

73. MARKET SURVEY
Multicolor Pcc Terrazzo
Epoxy Flooring ,Thickness:
Thickness 3mm 15mm
₹ 400/ Square Feet
Polished, Leather
Terrazzo, Size: 4 X 10,
Thickness: 18mm
₹ 475/ sq ft
Matt Gray Terrazzo Tile,
Thickness: 20-22 Mm, (12
Inch x 12 Inch)
₹ 75/ sq ft

74. RUBBER
FLOORING
Rubber flooring can be made from either
natural tree rubber or from synthetic
materials, which are often recycled from
vehicle tires. These materials allow for an
extremely durable and low-maintenance
surface option for homeowners.
flooring also provides plenty of
Rubber
choices
when it comes to how to install it in your
room.

75. PROS AND CONS
PROS :
Resistance to tough workouts and heavy traffic
Numerous style options
Perfect fit for your space
Quick and easy installation due to their interlocking design and light
weight No adhesives required
If damage occurs, only one piece needs to be replaced rather than the whole
floor Easy to remove, store, and reuse in another location
CONS :
Installation in larger spaces is very time-consuming
The floor may not appear completely seamless
Seams can let water through to the subfloor
Smooth, untextured rubber tiles become slippery when wet
Rubbery smell in the first couple of months after installation

76. HOW TO PREPARE FOR RUBBER FLOORING
It's important that the installation area be flat. If we notice there are any low spots,
we'll need to strip off old flooring and adhesives until we get down to the subfloor
and then raise up the uneven areas with the appropriate leveling compound.
Once we have ensured the existing floor or subfloor is level, clean it well. Hard
surfaces should be vacuumed and mopped, whereas wood subfloors should be
vacuumed.
When ordering new rubber flooring for indoor purposes, as CalRecycle points out,
it's important to only use rubber flooring made for interior-only purposes. This is
because rubber flooring products made for exterior use tend to have drastically
higher levels of volatile organic compounds, which could contain potentially
dangerous chemicals.
When you receive your rubber flooring, remove it from the packaging and lay it on
the subfloor for at least one night before installing so it can acclimate to the
temperature of the surrounding room and, in the case of rubber rolls, flatten out.

77. INSTALLATION
Lay out the rubber rolls on your floor the way you want them to be installed.
Cut the rubber sheets so they fit in the room, leaving a few inches of excess on the end of each section
of roll that will touch the last wall. Use a hammer and wood block to get the sheets in tightly against
the walls and one another.
For the last row, measure the size you will need and then leave a few extra inches on each side.
Measure the exact width of the floor area on the last row, being sure to measure at each end and the
center of each roll in the row.
I Lift up the first roll and then stick double-sided tape along the perimeter of where it will lay on the
ground before laying the mat back down. Then, lift up the rubber a little at a time and peel up the
other side of the double-sided tape, gently placing the mat back into place to avoid trapping air
bubbles. Press down on the mat to help it stick. Repeat this process section by section until all mats
are secured.
If you are using glue, lift up all the rolls, marking where each should sit if necessary, and lay a light
layer of adhesive over a 10-foot-long stretch of the floor using a trowel. Then, carefully unroll 10 feet of
the flooring over the adhesive.
After waiting 60 minutes for the adhesive to stick, roll the mats with a 50- or 100-pound carpet roller to
help the rubber stick to the adhesive. Do this again after another 30 minutes.

78. MARKET SIURVEY
Color Coated Black
Rubber Flooring
₹ 60/ sq ft
Rubber Puzzle Interlocking
Mat
₹ 265/ Square Feet
Rubber Flooring
₹ 55/ Square Feet

79. PVC SHEET
FLOORING
PVC flooring or PVC Vinyl flooring is
nothing but an alternative term used
vinyl flooring. PVC refers to polyvinyl
chloride, which is the material used
to make vinyl flooring. Thus, it is
often
simply,
called
vinyl
polyvinyl flooring or
flooring, the most
common term for this particular floor
covering.

80. PROS AND CONS
CONS :
Environmental
Impact
Wears over time
Difficulty in repair
MANUFACTURING
Vinyl resins and
plasticizers are
stirred together in a
plastisol,
vat to make a
which is
then heated to form
a batter.
PROS :
Easy to install
Versatile
Cost-effective
Low maintenance
Durable
Moisture resistance
Comfort
The vinyl foam batter is spread onto
the baking and heated, forming a
sheet. The pattern is then printed on
the flooring and a wear layer is
applied.

81. INSTALLATION
Step 1: Clear The Room And Prepare The
Subfloor
Step 2: Install An Underlayment (If
Needed)
Step 3: Measure The Installation Area
Step 4: Cut The Vinyl

82. INSTALLATION
Step 6: Spread The Adhesive
Step 5: Lay The Vinyl On The Subfloor Step 7:Press Bubbles Out Of The Vinyl Sheet
Step 8: Clean Stray Adhesive And Replace The
Baseboards

83. MARKET SURVEY
Ruby Red Vinyl Flooring,
Thickness: 2-6 Mm
₹ 55/ Square Feet
LG Vinyl Flooring
₹ 50/ Square Feet
LG Vinly Vinyl Flooring
Sheet, Thickness: 0.65 To
1.5 mm
₹ 50/ Square Feet

84. REFERENCES
HOW TO CONSTRUCT CEMENT CONCRETE FLOOR? - CivilBlog.Org
https://www.bing.com/search?
q=HOW+MARBLE+IS+MANUFACTURED+FOR+FLOORING&cvid=a763dee9636a48ba8c1f69076020489f
&aqs=edge..69i57.13897j0j1&pglt=41&FORM=ANNTA1&PC=U531
Marble Flooring Pros and Cons (thespruce.com)
Marble Flooring: One of the Most Luxurious Flooring Option (gharpedia.com)
https://www.regattagranitesindia.com/granite-manufacturing-and-processing-in-india-an-overview/
https://www.sskotastone.com/
https://mccoymart.com/post/advantages-disadvantages-kota-flooring/
https://www.thespruce.com/ceramic-flooring-pros-and-cons-1314687
https://ceramicninja.com/tile-manufacturing-production-
process/#:~:text=%20Steps%20in%20the%20Tile%20manufacturing%20Process%20are%3A,and%20mi
xed%20together.%20There%20are%20various...%20More%20
Carpet Flooring: Buy Custom Floor Carpet | Carpet Tile Online In India (squarefoot.co.in)
How carpet is made - making, used, dimensions, industry, machine, Raw Materials (madehow.com)
Brick Flooring: All you Need Know (gharpedia.com)