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1. HYDROCARBON

2.  Understand fundamental concepts in organic chemistry.
◦ Define an organic compound.
◦ List the elements that are found in organic compounds C,
H,.O, N, P, S and halogens.
◦ Suggest examples of organic compounds used in food
science, medicine, engineering, biotechnology and
agriculture.
◦ Identify the different kinds of chemical bonds commonly
found in molecules of carbon compounds.
◦ Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated organic
compounds.
◦ Elaborate on the characteristics of the members of a
homologous series.
◦ Recognize the functional group and homologous series of a
given carbon compound.

3.  Draw structural formulae in the form of
expanded structures based on molecular
formulae of simple carbon compounds.
 Identify carbon atoms in a molecule
according to classification as primary,
secondary, tertiary or quaternary carbon.

4.  IUPAC stand for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (T/F)
 General formulae for alkane is CnH2(n)+2 (T/F)
 General formulae for Alkyne is CnH2n (T/F)
 Prefix for alkene is –yne (T/F)
 Arrange the step for naming alkane above:
a. Number the chain atoms, starting at the end nearest the functional group or nearest to
a substituent for the alkanes.
b. Find and name the longest continuous carbon chain. Choose the longest chain which
contain the functional group.
c. Specify the name of the branch chains or atoms attached to the parent carbon chain.
d. If 2 or more of the same atoms or branch chains are attached to the primary chain, the
terms di, tri and tetra are used to indicate 2, 3, or 4 groups respectively.
e. Determine the carbon numbers where the substituents attach to the main carbon
chain.
f. Position is followed by name of every substituent, following alphabetical order.
g. Identify the functional group of the compounds.

5. In the end of this chapter student can:
Know the general formulae of alkane, alkene and
alkyne.
Define briefly about methane, ethane, ethene and
ethyne
Use the general formula to list the molecular formular
in the homologous series of alkane, alkene and alkyne
up to 10 carbon
Draw the structural formula for alkane, alkene, and
alkyne up to 10 carbon.

7.  Definition: the simplest organic compounds.
 Contain only carbon and
hydrogen
 HC classify into 2 big groups: saturated and
unsaturated HC.
 ALKANE
 ALKENE
 ALKYNE

8.  General formula: CnH2n+2 , (n = an integer
started from 1)
 Naming: ending with -ane
 If n = 1 
 If n = 2 

9. n Molecular formula Naming Structural
formula
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

10.  General formula: CnH2n , (n = an integer
started from 2)
 Naming: ending with -ene
ALKYNE
 General formula: CnH2n - 2 , (n = an integer
started from 2)
 Naming: ending with -yne

11. n Molecular formula Naming Structural
formula
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

12.  The chemical name of an organic compounds
has 3 parts: prefix, parent, suffix
PREFIX PARENT SUFFIX
gives information about
the substituent present
gives the number of
carbon atoms present in
the molecule
gives the name of the
homologous series

13. Substituent group: they are the
branches in the organic compounds.
 They are derived from an alkane by
removal of a hydrogen atom.
 They are named by dropping the
 “-ane” from the name of the alkane
and adding the suffix “-yl” (we call
them alkyl group).
CH3- Methyl C2H5- Ethyl
C3H7- Propyl
Note: some substituents are made from
other elements:
-F Fluoro -Cl Chloro

14. 1. Write the alkane name of the longest
continuous chain of carbon atoms.
2. Number carbon atoms starting from the
end nearest substituent.
3. Give the location and name of each
substituent (alphabetical order) as a prefix
to the name of the main chain.

15.  Eg:
PREFIX : -
PARENT : butan
SUFFIX : ane
NAMING: BUTANE

16. PREFIX : 3-methyl
PARENT : pent
SUFFIX : 2-ene
NAMING: 3-methylpent-2-ene

17. C
H3 CH3
CH3
CH3
Names are made up of:
side chains, root
• Root is the longest possible
HC chain
• Must contain multiple bonds
if present
• Add -yl to get name of side
chain
2,3-dimethylpentane
C
H
3
C H
3
C H
3
C H
3
CH3
CH
C
H3
*

18. C
H3 CH2
CH CH3
CH2
C
H2
CH3
C
H3 CH
CH
C
H3
CH
CH3
CH2 CH2 CH3
CH2 CH3
CH3CH2CH CH CH CH2CH CH3
CH3
CH2CH3
CH3 CH3
3-methylhexane
4-ethyl-2,3-dimethylheptane
5-ethyl-2,4,6-trimethyloctane

19. Branches on carbon chains
CH3 methyl
CH3CH2 ethyl

20. CH3
CH3CHCH3
methyl groups
CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH3

21. CH3 methyl branch
CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1 Count

22. CH3 methyl branch
CH3CH2CH2CHCH2CH3
6 5 4 3 2 1 Count
3-Methylhexane
on third C CH3 six carbon chain
group

23. 1. Identify the functional group of the
compounds.
2. Find and name the longest continuous
carbon chain. Choose the longest chain
which contain the functional group.
3. Number the chain atoms, starting at the end
nearest the functional group or nearest to a
substituent for the alkanes.

24. 4. Specify the name of the branch chains or atoms
attached to the parent carbon chain.
5. Determine the carbon numbers where the
substituents attach to the main carbon chain.
6. Position is followed by name of every
substituent, following alphabetical order.
7. If 2 or more of the same atoms or branch chains
are attached to the primary chain, the terms di,
tri and tetra are used to indicate 2, 3, or 4
groups respectively.

25.  Where is the longest continuous chain of
carbons?

26. A. CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH3
B. CH3 CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CCH2CH3
CH3

27. A. CH3 CH3
CH3CHCH2CHCH3 2,4-dimethylpentane
B. CH3 CH3
CH3CH2CHCH2CCH2CH3
CH3 3,3,5-trimethylheptane

28. Write a condensed structure for
A. 3,4-dimethylheptane
B. 2,2-dimethyloctane

29. A. 3,4-dimethylheptane CH3
CH3CH2CHCHCH2CH2CH3
CH3
B. 2,2-dimethyloctane CH3
CH3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3

30. CH3 – CH2 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3
1. Parent : hex
2. Suffix : ane
3. Prefix: 3-methyl
4. IUPAC NAME: 3- methylhexane
CH3

31. 1. Parent: hex
2. Suffix : 1-ene
3. Prefix: 2,3,3-trimethyl
4. IUPAC NAME: 2,3,3-trimethylhex-1-ene

32. CHOOSE
THIS

33.  Name the following compounds.
i.
ii.
iii.
ANS: 3,3-dimethylhexane
ANS:3,5-dimethylheptane
ANS: 3,5-dimethyl-4-propylheptane

34. 4-ethyl-5-methyl octane
PARENT SUFFIX
PREFIX
CONSIST 8 CARBONS
SINGLE BOND
Methyl – CH3
Ethyl – C2H5

35.  4-ethyl-5-methyl octane
C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CH3
C2H5
H H H
H
H H H H H H H
H
H
H
H
H
Draw
parent first
Complete all
Hydrogen

36.  Draw the following compounds.
i. 4-ethyl-2,3,6-trimethyl octane
ii. 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene
iii. 1-iodo-1-methyl cyclohexane
iv. 3-cyclobutyl pentane
v. 1,2-dichloro ethane
vi. 1,2-dibromo cyclopent-1-ene

37. C – C – C – C – C – C – C – C
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
CH3 CH3 CH3
C2H5
H H H
H
H H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H

38. i. 2-methylbuta-1,3-diene
ii. 1-iodo-1-methylcyclohexane

39. iii. 3-cyclobutylpentane iv. 1,2-dichloroethane
v. 1,2-dibromocyclopentene
CH3 – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH3

40.  YOU DO IT, YOU GET IT
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