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4. n the 1st millennium BCE the Celtic Lusitani entered the Iberian Peninsula and settled the land, and many traces of
their influence remain. According to national legend, though, Lisbon, the national capital, was founded not by Celts
but by the ancient Greek warrior Odysseus, who was said to have arrived at a rocky headland near what is the
present-day city after leaving his homeland to wander the world and who, liking what he saw, stayed there for a
while; his departure was said to have broken the heart of the nymph Calypso, who, the legend goes, turned herself
into a snake, her coils becoming the seven hills of Lisbon. Of course, had Odysseus actually come to Portugal, he
would have found the land already well settled by the Lusitani.
Cape St. Vincent
Cape St. Vincent
Cape St. Vincent, Portugal.
Lusitani tribes battled the Romans for generations before acceding to empire, whereupon Rome established several
important towns and ports; the Roman presence can be seen in the very name of the country, which derives from
Portus Cale, a settlement near the mouth of the Douro River and the present-day city of Porto. Later, the
descendants of Romans and the Lusitani would live under Moorish rule for several centuries until an independent
kingdom was established.
Monument to the Discoveries
Monument to the Discoveries
Monument to the Discoveries, Lisbon, Portugal.
In constant battle and rivalry with Spain, its eastern neighbour, Portugal then turned to the sea and, after Henry the
Navigator’s establishment of a school of navigation at Sagres, in time founded a vast overseas empire that would
become Europe’s largest and richest. Much of that empire was quickly lost, but even then Portugal retained sizable
holdings along the African coast, in southern and eastern Asia, and in South America. Portugal remained a colonial