production technology of mint , varieties and species ,cultural practices , pest and disease management , extraction of oil , harvesting and yield ,

2. Botanical name : Mentha spp.
Family : Lamiaceae
Origin : Mediterranean basin
English name : Mint
Economic part : Whole herb & leaves
Indian name : Pudina, Putiha (Sanskrit)
Species : Mentha arvensis (Japanese mint)
M. piperita (Peppermint)
M. spicata (Spearmint)
M. citrata (Bergamot mint)
MINT

3. Mint is believed to have originated in the Mediterranean
region.
DISTRIBUTION
Japanese mint is cultivated on a large scale in India, Brazil,
Paraguay, China, Argentina, Japan, Thailand.
Pepper mint: USA, Morocco, Argentina, Australia, France,
Bulgaria, Italy, Switzerland and on a small scale in many
European countries.
USA is the major producer of pepper mint oil in the
world.
Spearmint is mostly cultivated in USA.
Origin and Distribution

4. Menthol, carvone, linalool and linanyl acetate
menthone, menthyl acetate, menthofuran and 1,8-cineol
 Tea confectionery, for flavouring Ice cream,
Chewing gum, Toothpaste, Mouth washes etc
Room scent and aromatherapy
Tension Headache
Insecticides
Act as Radio protective
Cosmetics and some perfumes
Constituents and Uses

5. 1. JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis)
Branches : Rigid, pubescent 60-90 cm tall.
Leaves : Broad ovate leaves, lanceolate to
oblong, 3.7-10 cm long sharply toothed, or shortly
petiolated and hairy.
Flowers : arranged in cyme which are usually
sessile or rarely pedunculate. Flowers are purplish,
minute.

6.  Calyx : 2.5-3.0mm long deltoid
acuminate.
 Corolla : white to purple, 4-5 mm long.
 Presence of glandular hairs on leaves,
stem and calyx

7. Constituents and Uses
Primary source : Menthol
Fresh leaves : 0.4-6.0 per cent oil.
Main constituents of the oil are,
• Menthol (65-75%), Menthone (7-10%)
• Menthyl acetate (12-15%)
• Terpenes (pipene, limonene and comphene).
• Menthol is used in pharmaceuticals, tooth pastes,
dental creams, confectionery, beverages, tobacco,
cigarettes, pan masala etc.

8. Subspecies
• Mentha arvensis subsp. arvensis.
• Mentha arvensis subsp. agrestis
• Mentha arvensis subsp. austriaca
• Mentha arvensis subsp. lapponica
• Mentha arvensis subsp. palustris
• Mentha arvensis var. piperascenes
• Mentha arvensis subsp. parietariifolia
• Mentha arvensis subsp. haplocalyx

9. Shivalik
• It is an introduction from China
• The herbage yield isvarietghy is hily suitable 300q/ha while the
essential oil yield amounts to about 180 kg/ha
• The recovery of oil from the herb is 0.4 -0.5 %
• Menthol content: 65-70%
• Highly sensitive to the fungal diseases and pests
Varieties of Japanese Mint
MAS-1 (1985)
• Menthol 84%, Menthone 5.8%
• Dwarf variety (30-45 cm) and early maturing variety.
• Less prone to insects due to short height.
• Menthol content 70-80%.
• Yield: About 200 q/ha. of herbage & 125-150 kg. of oil /ha.

10. Kosi (1999)
• Menthol 75% - 80%
• Matures early in 90 days
• Resistant to rust, blight, mildew and leaf spot diseases
• Yield: 200-250 kg. of oil /ha.
Gomti (1994)
• It is sturdy, light red in colour.
• Menthol content is 78-80%, Menthone 12.6%, Iso menthone 3.7%,
Methyl acetate 2.9%
• Yield is less compared to other varieties.
• It is less adopted by farmers.

11. Himalaya (1997)
• It is a selection released by the CIMAP, Lucknow
• Menthol content 78-80%
• 0.8 to 1.0% Oil
• The yield of herbage is 400q/ha and essential oil is 200-250 kg/ha
• Resistant to rust, blight, mildew and leaf spot diseases.
EC-41911
(selection from Russian germplasm)
• This is an erect type variety, which is less affected by
rains
• It produces 236.5 q/ha of herbage and 125.2 kg/ha of oil
• Menthol 70%
• Oil is preferred in flavouring food items

12. Kalka or Hyb-77 (2001)
• It is a tall, vigorous variety evolved by the CIMAP, Lucknow
• Early maturing variety
• It is 50-60 cm in height
• Menthol content 80-85%
• Yield is about 250 q/ha. of herbage & 120-150 kg. of oil /ha
• Less prone to diseases viz. leaf spot & rust diseases
Kushal (2002)
• Variety developed through tissue culture.
• Menthol 77% - 81%
• Matures within 90-100 days.
• Resistant to rust and leaf blight
• It can withstand waterlogging for few days.
• Yield: 300-330 q./ha. having oil yield upto 175-200 kg./ha.

13. Other varieties
• CIM-Kranti (2013) : Menthol 80%, menthone, methyle acetate, isomenthol
• CIM-Saryu (2010) : Menthol 79 – 80%
• Damroo (2000) : Menthol 78-80%
• Sambhav (2000) : Menthol 75% - 80%
• Saksham (2001) : Menthol 80%

14. Objective: To assess the potential of different mint cultivars with vertical
farming and open field condition

15. Materials and Methods
Experiment was conducted at Department of Vegetable Science, Horticultural
College & Research Institute, Periyakulam during 2022-2023
• Design: Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three replications.
• Treatment Details:
 Factor – 1 (Growing conditions)
o G1 - Open field condition
o G2 – Vertical (A-Frame)
 Factor – 2 (Varieties)
o V1 - Kosi
o V2 - CIM-Kranti
o V3 - Himalaya
o V4 - Kalka
o V5 - MAS-1
o V6 - Saksham
o V7 - Gomti
o V8 - Seelayampatti local
o V9 - Bangalore hybrid

19. CONCLUSION
• The overall growth was increased in vertical A-frame structure when compared
to open field condition.
• Under tropical conditions, the variety Saksham performed maximum growth in
open field and vertical A-frame.
• With the use of hydroponics, crops can be produced in small spaces with the right
amount of water and nutrients. This results in good quality of plants with higher
yield.
• Since the cultivable land is decreasing in urban areas, the hydroponic with vertical
A frame structure will be an alternate solution to produce quality vegetables in
future days to meet the requirement of increased population.

20.  Menthol mint is cultivated in large areas of the Indo-Gangetic plains of Uttar
Pradesh (75%), Madhya Pradesh and Bihar (15%), Uttarakhand (5%), Punjab and
Hariyana (5%).
 Uttar Pradesh is the leading mentha producing state in area and production.
 India is a leading exporter contributing about 80% (40,000 tons) of essential oil,
menthol crystal and allied products.
 Today, mint cultivation occupies about 3,00,000 hectares in India. More than 95%
of the mint cultivation area is by CSIR-CIMAP developed mint varieties.
 Further value-addition has taken place through the improved distillation process and
products. Most importantly, CSIR, with its mint production enhancement
technologies, has generated employment to the extent of 648 lakh man-days in the
farms and 162 lakh man-days in the MSME sector.
CSIR Success Story (Dr Manoj Semwal, Principal Scientist, CSIR-CIMAP)
From imoprting Menthol Mint to becoming a leading producer

21. Indian Mint Success Story: CSIR-CIMAP contribution through improved varieties in the past three decades.

22. 2. PEPPER MINT (Mentha piperita)
• Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) is
a hybrid species of mint, a cross
between watermint and spearmint.
• Indigenous to Europe and the Middle East

23.  Branches : square, branching stems are of
dark-green to deep purple colour and bear
opposite, broadly lance-shaped.
 Leaves : slightly toothed leaves of deep-green
colour, 2.5 to 5 cm long.
 Flowers : Small purplish flowers are borne in
terminal spikes on the main stem and branches
from June to September.

24. • Fresh herb : Essential oils (0.4 to 0.6 %).
• Constituents are Methyl acetate (14-15%), Menthone (9-25%),
Menthofuran and terpenes like pinene and limonene.
• Peppermint contains terpenoids and flavonoids such
as eriocitrin, hesperidin and kaempferol 7-O-rutinoside.
• Medicinally, it is an excellent carminative and gastric
stimulant.
• Applied externally it acts as a mild analgesic.
Constituents and Uses

25. Peppermint production 2020
Country
Production
(tonnes)
Morocco (83%) 40,403
Argentina (13%) 6,991
Mexico 1,010
World 48,437
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[37]

26. Varieties of Pepper Mint
Varieties Characteristics
1. Kukrail : High herb and high oil yielding variety.
2. Pranjal: Tolerant to Bihar hairy caterpillar& high yield of menthol rich
essential oil.
3. CIM-Indus: It yields high menthoferan to meet industrial demand in perfumery
and pharma sector.
4. CIM – Madhuras: A sweet smelling genotype of peppermint. Used in food additives,
flavors and pharmaceutical formulations.
5.Tushar Oil content 0.63 %, herbage yield 0.47q/25 meter square.
6. CIMAP-Patra Developed through selection (2010).Non- flowering variety.
Oil yield : 60-65 kg/ha.Oil content : 0.25-0.35
7. MPS 36 Half sib progeny. (2016-17). High yielding. Early maturing( 90
days). Erect growth habit flowering on 90 days. Oil content 0.35-
0.40%.

27. 3. SPEAR MINT ( Mentha spicata)
• Garden mint, common mint, lamb
mint and mackerel mint
• Native to Europe and southern temperate Asia
• Perennial herb
• Height of 90 cm tall

28. • The plant is a allopolyploid species (2n = 48), which could
be a result of hybridization and chromosome doubling.
• Mentha longifolia and Mentha suaveolens (2n = 24) are
likely to be the contributing diploid species

29. Constituents and Uses
• Oil yield 0.6 %
• High carvone content (60-95%)
• Chewing gums and confectionery, soaps & sauces
Minor constituents:
• Phellandrene, limonene-pinene and cineole

30. Varieties and Cultivars
• M. spicata var. crispa (syn. M. spicata 'Crispa') - with very crinkled leaves
• M. spicata var. crispa 'Moroccan' - with crinkled leaves and white flowers
• M. spicata 'Tashkent' - with slightly crinkled leaves
• M. spicata 'Spanish' - with mauve-pink flowers

31. • CIMAP-MSS-1: It is a selection from spearmint cultivars introduced
from USA. It produces fresh herbage of 535q/ha and yield 253 kg of
oil in 3 cuttings containing 60% carvone.
• CIMAP-MSS-5: It is a selection from MSS-1, which yields
690q/ha of oil in 3 cuttings. It has 70% of carvone in the oil.

32. • Punjab spearmint-1: It is an erect growing variety producing
209 q/ha of herb containing 0.57% oil, containing 68% carvone.
• Neerkalka: Inter-specific hybrid between Mentha arvensis and
Mentha spicata
• Ganga
• CIMAP-MSS-98

33. 4. BERGAMOT MINT (M.citrata)
• Common name: Marsh mint, Lemon mint,
Eau de Cologne mint
• Chromosome number: 2n = 96
• Native to Europe and has been naturalized in
eastern USA
• Branching, perennial herb
• 60 cm tall

34. Constituents
• Oil content 0.4-0.5%
• Oil emits lemon like smell
• Linalool and linalyl acetate (45%)
• The oil is used directly in perfumes, cosmetic
preparations like scents, soaps and after-shave
lotions.

35. Varieties
• Kiran: The variety produces 239 kg of oil with
48% linalool, over 172 kg and 39% linalool over
parent cultures

36. CULTIVATED MINT SPECIES AND THEIR
MAIN CONSTITUENTS
Common name Botanical name Main constituents of mentha oil
Japanese mint Mentha arvensis Menthol (70-80 %)
Pepper mint M. piperita Menthol (35-50 %)
Bergamot mint M. citrata Linalool and linalyl acetate (45 %)
Spear mint M. Spicata Carvone (60-95%)
Scotch spear mint M. cardiaca Carvone (53-68 %)
Garden mint M. viridis Carvone (very less)

37. Soil and Climate
• Medium to fertile deep soil, rich in humus is ideal for cultivation of mints.
• Temperature of 20-25OC promotes vegetative growth, but the essential oils
increase at higher temp. of 30OC
• pH between 6 and 7.5 are ideally suited for its cultivation.
• Japanese mint can be cultivated both in tropical and sub-tropical areas
• Pepper mint and spear mint: Ideal yield only in humid and temperate
conditions like Kashmir and hills of UP and HP.
• Bergamot mint: Grown even in temperate climate.

38. Propagation
• Mint can be propagated vegetatively through stolons and
runners.
• Most area under the crop is propagated by planting live
juicy 8 to 10 cm long stolons (underground stems) during
early spring season.
• The seed rate used is 400-450 kg of stolons per ha.
• The spacing varies from 40 to 60 cm., depending upon
soil fertility and the kind of the intercultural implements
used.
• In northern India, planting of Japanese mint is suitable
from first week of February to second week of March.

39. LAND PREPARATION
• Thoroughly ploughed, harrowed fine soil. All the stubbles
of weeds should be removed before the crop is planted.
• Manuring may be done at the time of land preparation by
adding FYM @ 25 to 30 t/ha.
• Green manuring may also be done before the mint is
planted. Sun hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) is an ideal
green manure crop.
• Mints are planted on flat land or ridges. Hence, flat beds
of convenient sizes or ridges are made according to the
spacing recommended.

40. PLANTING
• In plains, planting is done during winter months, whereas in
temperate climate, planting is done from 1st week of
January to 3rd week of February.
• The stolons are cut into small pieces (7-10 cm) and planted
in shallow furrows of about 7-10 cm deep at a distance of
45-60cm from row to row manually or mechanically.
• Stolons are planted half way down on inner side of the
ridges

41. Objective: To develop appropriate a new agrotechnology for mint crop which
can increase the yield and yield contributing characters.

42. Materials and Methods
• This field experiment was conducted at the research farm of CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal
and Aromatic Plant, Research Centre, Pantnagar Uttarakhand, India during 2017-18.
• Variety: CIM-Kranti
• Design: Split plot design
Treatment details:
 Source of planting materials (Main plot treatments)
• P1 - Whole shoot
• P2 - Upper portion of shoot
• P3 - Lower portion of shoot and
 Planting distance (Sub-plot treatments)
• S1 - 50×15 cm
• S2 - 50×30 cm
• S3 - 50×running cm

45. Conclusion
• Menthol mint was most responsive to whole shoot treatment
and wider space (S2-50×30 cm) for growth, essential oil and
suckers yield in northern Indian plain zones.

46. IRRIGATION
• Ten irrigations are given during summer season at intervals of 10-12 days
whereas another 4-6 for autumn crop harvested in late October.
• A minimum water of about 100 mm is required to obtain good crop yield.
• Water logging during rainy season should be avoided by providing adequate
drainage.
• In case of heavy soils and the soils prone to water logging, it is preferable to
cultivate mint on ridges.
• The frequency of irrigation can also be reduced by 25% through the
application of leaf mulches @ 5 t/ha

47. Intercultural Operations
• 4 to 14 weeks after planting is crucial period for weed
control
• Oxyflurofen (0.5 kg a.i. / ha), Pendimethalin (0.75 a.i. / ha),
Simazine and Atrazine (1 kg a.i. / ha)
• The best procedure is to first apply a weedicide followed by
manual or mechanical weeding at 8 to 10 weeks

48. Inter cropping with Banana Inter cropping with Onion
Organic Mulching

49. Fertilizer application
• 20 tonnes of well-rotten FYM
• The recommended dose of chemical fertilizers is 120 : 60 : 40 kg per ha.
• The entire quantity of P and K along with one-fifth of N is mixed with the soil at
the time of planting, the remaining four-fifth of N is given as top-dressing twice
for each harvest in available split doses
• Subsequently, half of N in the form of calcium ammonium nitrate or urea is
applied in 2 split doses at 30 and 60 days after planting

50. Objective: To standardize optimum planting date and the effect of INM on
growth and yield in mint during Summer season under north coastal plains of
Andhra Pradesh.

51. Materials and Methods
• The experiment was conducted during Summer 2021 at college farm, COH, Parvathipuram,
Parvathipuram Manyam Dist.
• Design: Factorial randomized block design
• Variety: Koshi
• Treatment details:
 Planting dates
 S1 - First fortnight of February
 S2 - Second fortnight of February
 S3 - First fortnight of March
 S4 - Second fortnight of March
 Nutrient doses
 Nl - 100% RDN
 N2 - 75% RDN+ (12.5% FYM + 12.5%
Vermicompost) + Rhizobium + PSB + KMB
 N3 - 50% RDN + (25% FYM + 25%
Vermicompost) + Rhizobium + PSB + KMB
 N4 - 100% organic (50% FYM + 50%
Vermicompost)

54. Conclusions
• The impact of suitable planting date with congenial climatic conditions and
integrated use of nutrients played an important role on performance of mint
under north coastal plains of Andhra Pradesh.
• This study highlights the significance of usage of biofertilizers along with
organic and inorganic source of nutrients on growth and yield
characteristics.
• First fortnight of February and second fortnight of February planting with
nutrient dose of N2 (75% RDN + (12.5% FYM + 12.5% Vermicompost) +
Rhizobium + PSB + KMB) followed by N3 (50% RDN + (25% FYM +
25% Vermicompost) + Rhizobium + PSB + KMB).

55. Name of
disease
Causal organism Symptoms Control
Stolon Rot Macrophomina
phaseoli
• During rainy season, stolon rot
occurs on the underground
parts; the infected stolons show
brown lesions which enlarge
and turn black, resulting in a
soft decay.
• Crop rotation: It is better to
follow 3-year-crop rotation
with rice, wheat and mint.
• Treatment of the stolons
with 0.25% solution of
Captan or 0.1% Benlate, 0.3
% Agallol solution for 2 to 3
minutes before planting is a
preventive measure.
Fusarium Wilt Fusarium
oxysporum
• Affected leaves turn yellow,
curled and finally dry.
• Application of Benlate,
Bavistin and Topsin.
Leaf blight Alternaria sp. • Cause loss of foliage during
summer season.
• Application of copper
fungicide.
Diseases

56. Powdery mildew Stolan rot
Fusarium wilt

57. Insects
Scientific name of
insects
Nature of damage Control
Hairy
Caterpillar
Diacrisia obliqua The caterpillar starts eating the
under-surface of the leaves.
Application of Thiodan or
Malathion @1.7ml/ litre of water
Cutworms Agrotis flammatra Young plants are damaged at the
collar region during spring season.
Soil treatment with Phorate 10g
before planting.
Red Pumpkin
Beetle
Aulocophora
foevicollis
The pest feeds on the growing
leaves and buds.
Spraying Malathion @1ml/litre of
water.
Mint Leaf
Roller
Syngamia
abrupatalis
The caterpillar folds the leaf in the
form of a roll and feed inside the
leaf tissue during August-
September. The edges of the
leaves are held together with silk-
like filaments.
Two to three sprayings of Thiodan
@1.5ml/litre of water at weekly
intervals.
Insect Pests

58. Two spotted spider mite damage Mealy bug damage
Leaf eating caterpillar damage Red pumpkin beetle damage

59. HARVESTING AND YIELD
• Generally the crop is harvested 100-120 days after planting
when the lower leaves start turning yellow
• Harvesting consists of cutting the green herb by means of sickle
2-3cm above the ground.
• A second harvest is obtained 80 days after the first harvest and
the third after about another 80 days.
• The first crop is ready by the end of June and the second in
Sept or Oct.
• A good crop can give as high as 48 tons of fresh herb per ha.
• However, the average yield from three cuttings is 20 to 25 tons
which in turn may yield about 50-70 kg oil per ha.

60. Objective: To find out the yield and economics of the Japanese mint at
different harvesting stages on the farmers field

61. Materials and Methods
• This study was conducted in randomly selected village Sabua
of Karanda Block in Ghazipur district of Utter Pradesh during
2010-11
• Variety: Koshi
• Randomly selected one farmer from small, medium and large
size of holdings for Japanese mint crop

63. Conclusion
• The harvesting schedules shows as a significant
influence on herbage and oil yield.
• Higher herbage and oil yield was formed at time of 120
and 130 days in all size groups of the farmers.

64. Extraction and Utilization
• Harvested herb may be wilted in shade for a few hours.
• Both fresh and dry herb used for distillation.
• To get better result herbage should be shade dried for a day
before it is distilled.
• Steam distillation usually prepared and duration of
distillation is 2 -2.5 hours.
• The recovery of oil from the herb is 0.5-0.8%
• Oil is golden yellow in color.
• Impurities present in oil can removed by filtration.
• Moisture present oil can be removed by application of
anhydrous sodium sulphate.
• GI or aluminium containers are suitable for long time
storage.

65. Early Mint Technology- A novel agro-system for
minimizing cost of production of Menthol mint oil
• Developed by CSIR-CIMAP
• Improved method of the production of planting material
(suckers / roots) (ridge planting)-(Aug –Dec)
• Method of raising seedlings from suckers in winter season
(polyhouse /polytunnel /polycover) (Dec-Jan)
• Modified method of transplanting/planting (ridge method
25x30 cm both sides of ridges), (Jan-Feb)
• Preparation before harvesting and precautions to be taken at
harvest (withdrawing irrigation about 10-15 days before
harvest) (April-May continues to July)
• Improved method of processing (distillation)

66. Advantages of Early Mint Technology
• Brings earliness about 20-30 days
• 15-20% increase in the productivity.
• Water requirement is reduced about 30%
• Minimize expenditure on land, labour, water & fuel about 20-25%
• Crop saved from availability of excess water due to early rains.
• Productivity of second harvest is enhanced about 30%.
• Hence it can play important role in sustaining menthol mint cultivation by
reducing cost of productions.

68. MAJOR CHALLENGES
• Mint is a highly water intensive crop. It requires 10-
12 irrigation cycles to attain maturity stage.
• Due to increasing price and consumption levels of
inorganic fertilizers and high labour wage rates.
• The market is threatened by the rise of synthetic
menthol, which is able to substitute natural menthol
in several applications owing to its identical
properties.
• This remains a threat to the growth of natural
menthol market.
• This may also lead to irregularities in the supply vs
demand scenario of natural menthol.
(MANE KANCOR INGREDIENTS PRIVATE LIMITED)