Nano medicine and drug delivery in biomedical imaging

Source: http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2002/15jan_nano.htm
Source: http://foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Gallery/index.html
Artery Cleaner
Virus Seeking Probes
Nano-Robots Replacing Neurons
Source: http://www.e-spaces.com/Portfolio/trans/blood/index.html
Why Nanomedicine?
• Nanotechnology offers great
advancements to medicine
• There is still a lot to be learned
about the human body and
nanotechnology offers a lot of help.

Nano-Technology applied to
Cancer
Advantages of Nanoscale devices in Medicine
• Devices smaller than 50 nm can easily enter most cells
• Devices smaller than 20 nm can transit out of blood vessels
• Devices are capable of holding thousands of small molecules
• Contrast Agents
• Drugs
Major Areas of Development of Nanomedicine
• Prevention and control
• Early detection
• Imaging diagnostics
• Multifunctional Therapeutics

Nanoparticles
Reference: Ed Neuwelt, Oregon Health Sciences University

Nanoparticle Contrast Agents Under Development
Quantum Dots
• unique optical and electronic properties such as:
• size and composition
• tunable fluorescence emission from visible to infrared wavelengths
• large absorption coefficients across a wide spectral
• range and very high levels of brightness and photo stability
• colloidal quantum dots are the size of a typical protein
Taken From: The use of nanocrystals in biological detecion, Paul Alivisatos

In vivo Cancer Targeting and Imaging with Quantum Dots
A summary of the report published by Xiaohu Gao, Richard M Levenson, Leland W K Chung & Shumming Nie
Probe Design
Tumor Targeting

Behavior of Quantum Dots in Animals
Histological Examination of QD Uptake Quantum Dots in Live Mouse

Behavior of Quantum Dots in Animals
Quantum Dots vs Organic Dyes

Nanoparticle Contrast Agents Under Development
Photonic Crystals

Nanoshells
Reference: Jennifer West, Rice University

Properties of Gold Nanoshells
• “Tunability” of the optical resonance
Nanoshell-Enabled Photonics-Based Imaging and Therapy of Cancer, Christopher Loo, B.S.1, Alex Lin, B.S.1, Leon Hirsch,
B.S.1,Min-Ho Lee, M.S.1,Jennifer Barton, Ph.D.2,Naomi Halas, Ph.D.3,JenniferWest, Ph.D.1,Rebekah Drezek, Ph.D.1

Larger diameter nanoshells used for Imaging
Smaller diameter nanoshells used for photothermal therapy applications
120 nm radius and 35 nm shell thickness 100 nm radius and 20 nm shell thickness
60 nm radius and 10 nm shell
Nanoshell-Enabled Photonics-Based Imaging and Therapy of Cancer, Christopher Loo, B.S.1, Alex Lin, B.S.1, Leon Hirsch, B.S.1,Min-Ho Lee, M.S.1,Jennifer Barton, Ph.D.2,Naomi Halas,
Ph.D.3,JenniferWest, Ph.D.1,Rebekah Drezek, Ph.D.1
Images of Nanoshells

Nanowire Sensor
Reference: Jim Heath, California Institute of Technology

Silicon Nanowire
Carbon Nanotube
Conductance Graphs
Nano-Wires in Biosensing

Nanoscale Cantilevers
Reference: Arun Majumdar, University of
California at Berkeley
Cantilevers can be used
as detectors of molecules.
In this example specific
molecules are attached to
the cantilevers. The
molecules selected are
molecules that will bind to
a specific molecule. When
that molecule binds to the
cantilever it changes the
physical properties of the
cantilever and that change
can be detected.
A team at the California Institute of Technology is using tiny cantilevers to probe molecular bonds.

Medical Applications
of Nanotechnology

Nanocrystals as Fluorescent
Biological Labels
Bruchez, M. Jr., M. Moronne, P. Gin, S. Weiss, and A.P. Alivisatos. 1998. Semiconductor nanocrystals as
fluorescent biological labels. Science 281:2013-2016.
Chan, W.C.W., and S.M. Nie. 1998. Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection.
Science 281:2016-2018.
http://www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/IWGN.Research.Directions/chapter08.pdf
3.5 nm
crystals
bound to
cell nucleus

NanoBMI
Biofunctional devices based on magnetic nanoparticles
•Delivery and controlled release of
therapeutics
•Bioswitches for organ function
•Imaging
Charles Seeney
President of NanoBMI
http://www.nanobmi.com

Tissue Engineering
•Nano/micro particles, including living animal
cells, bacteria, and colloidal gold (100 nm), can
be optically guided and deposited in arbitrarily
defined three-dimensional arrays, a process called
“laser-guided direct-writing.”
Odde, D.J. and M.J. Renn. 1998. Laser-based direct-write lithography of cells. Ann. Biomed. Eng. 26:S-141.

DNA Chips
Yeast cells were grown under
various conditions; the amount of red
or yellow light represents the level of
RNA produced from the DNA in that
gene, under those conditions.
Brown, P. 1999. http://cmgm.stanford.edu/pbrown/yeastchip.html

Detection of Chemical and Biological
Warfare Agents
One technique uses
atomic force
microscopy with a
sandwich immunoassay
attaching magnetic
beads to a
microfabricated
cantilever sensitive to
small displacements.
J. Murday, Colton, R. 1999. (Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory).

BioCOM Chip
•Three cantilevers coated with three different antibodies, are exposed
to prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
•The left cantilever bends as PSA binds to the anti-PSA antibody on
the cantilever
•The other cantilevers do not bend because their antibodies do not
bind to PSA.
Min Yue, Katherine Dunphy, Henry Lin, Srinath Satyanarayana (http://www.nano.me.berkeley.edu/)

Future Possiblities: Oxygen
Selective Pump
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/

Respirocytes: A Mechanical
Artifical Red Blood Cell
•Bloodborne spherical 1-micron diamondoid 1000-atm pressure
vessel
•Active pumping powered by endogenous serum glucose
•Able to deliver 236 times more oxygen to the tissues per unit
volume than natural red cells and to manage carbonic acidity
http://www.foresight.org/Nanomedicine/Respirocytes.html

Fixing Damaged Blood Cells
http://bionano.rutgers.edu/mru.html

Nano medicine and drug delivery in biomedical imaging

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