An overview of the ALFA Abbreviated Language for Authorization and how it accepts authorization requests and produces authorization decisions that are returned to a client.
Internet Identity Workshop IIW 2023 - Introduction to ALFA Authorization Lang...David Brossard
In this presentation, Mark Berg, my colleague at Axiomatics, presented the latest on the Abbreviated Language for Authorization (ALFA), OASIS’s standard for fine-grained authorization. You can read more at https://alfa.guide.
ALFA is a fine-grained authorization language that allows to implement any number of authorization models from RBAC to ReBAC and ABAC. It is dynamic, fully declarative, and conforms to the NIST ABAC standard.
All we know that REST services are almost everywhere now and nearly all new projects use it.
But do we really know how to design proper interfaces? What are pitfalls and how to avoid them?
I did many REST service designs and have a bunch of tips and tricks you definitely would like to use.
It will save you and your team a lot of time in future.
The Query Service is the new platform solution for querying a variety of data sources. The goal of Query Service is that administrators can configure a metadata description of the data source that can then be used by end users without detailed knowledge of the underlying data source. This session explains how to configure Query Service data sources and use them with the RESTful API or component collection.
Policies, Graphs or Relationships - A Modern Approach to Fine-Grained Authori...David Brossard
Authorization is becoming more important than ever as the growth in data, services, apps, and users shows no sign of slowing down. Making sure the right individuals have access to the right data under the right circumstances is paramount. In this presentation, I will discuss the different approaches to dynamic, runtime authorization.
Internet Identity Workshop IIW 2023 - Introduction to ALFA Authorization Lang...David Brossard
In this presentation, Mark Berg, my colleague at Axiomatics, presented the latest on the Abbreviated Language for Authorization (ALFA), OASIS’s standard for fine-grained authorization. You can read more at https://alfa.guide.
ALFA is a fine-grained authorization language that allows to implement any number of authorization models from RBAC to ReBAC and ABAC. It is dynamic, fully declarative, and conforms to the NIST ABAC standard.
All we know that REST services are almost everywhere now and nearly all new projects use it.
But do we really know how to design proper interfaces? What are pitfalls and how to avoid them?
I did many REST service designs and have a bunch of tips and tricks you definitely would like to use.
It will save you and your team a lot of time in future.
The Query Service is the new platform solution for querying a variety of data sources. The goal of Query Service is that administrators can configure a metadata description of the data source that can then be used by end users without detailed knowledge of the underlying data source. This session explains how to configure Query Service data sources and use them with the RESTful API or component collection.
Policies, Graphs or Relationships - A Modern Approach to Fine-Grained Authori...David Brossard
Authorization is becoming more important than ever as the growth in data, services, apps, and users shows no sign of slowing down. Making sure the right individuals have access to the right data under the right circumstances is paramount. In this presentation, I will discuss the different approaches to dynamic, runtime authorization.
The Open Policy Agent (OPA) is an open source, general-purpose policy engine that enables unified, context-aware policy enforcement across the entire stack.
At the Devoxx 2015 conference in Belgium, Guillaume Laforge, Product Ninja & Advocate at Restlet, presented about the never-ending REST API design debate, covering many topics like HTTP status codes, Hypermedia APIs, pagination/searching/filtering, and more.
How Open Policy Agent (OPA) helps in externalizing authorization from Code in Micro Services world. Before that let's look how Authorization evolved in last decade.
pega training tutorials for beginners,pega online training classes for all if professionals.interested Guys can contact and email to : ashockroy99@gmail.com
Apache Solr serves search requests at the enterprises and the largest companies around the world. Built on top of the top-notch Apache Lucene library, Solr makes indexing and searching integration into your applications straightforward.
Solr provides faceted navigation, spell checking, highlighting, clustering, grouping, and other search features. Solr also scales query volume with replication and collection size with distributed capabilities. Solr can index rich documents such as PDF, Word, HTML, and other file types.
Topics:
• RepoKid
Netflix’s Open-source Strategy to Rightsizing Cloud Permissions at Scale
• BetterTLS
A test suite for HTTPS clients implementing verification of the Name Constraints certificate extension
• Authorization at Netflix
Netflix’s architecture for implementing Authorization at scale
• Open Policy Agent
An open source, general-purpose policy engine that enables unified, context-aware policy enforcement across the entire stack. (www.openpolicyagent.org)
• Introducing PADME (Policy Access Decision Management Engine)
A modern policy management for distributed heterogenous systems. (www.padme.io)
Demo Stations:
• Stethoscope
Personalized, user-focused recommendations for employee information security.
• HubCommander
Slack bot for GitHub organization management -- and other things too!
• Open Policy Agent
An open source, general-purpose policy engine that enables unified, context-aware policy enforcement across the entire stack.
Attribute based access control is an authorization method which provides secure and fine-grained access to users. it is also called claims based access control or policy based access control
ABAC, ReBAC, Zanzibar, ALFA… How Should I Implement AuthZ in My APIs - Nordi...David Brossard
During Nordic APIs 2024, I discussed the different authorization approaches to securing APIs. Much like authentication (via OAuth and other) is externalized from the API, so should authorization. There are different options ranging from ABAC (attribute-based access control) to ReBAC (relationship-based access control).
This presentation talks about the OWASP challenges developers are faced with and how externalized authorization can help address them in a clean and efficient way. We also look into an example of fine-grained authorization using ALFA, the Abbreviated Language For Authorization.
The Holy Grail of IAM: Getting to Grips with AuthorizationDavid Brossard
Tackling authorization in your apps and APIs shouldn't be hard. Learn how to decouple your app code from your authorization code, externalize to an authorization framework, leverage a policy language e.g. ALFA, and enable secure access to your APIs. In this presentation we compare and contrast different authorization approaches such as ABAC, ReBAC, Zanzibar, and more.
The Open Policy Agent (OPA) is an open source, general-purpose policy engine that enables unified, context-aware policy enforcement across the entire stack.
At the Devoxx 2015 conference in Belgium, Guillaume Laforge, Product Ninja & Advocate at Restlet, presented about the never-ending REST API design debate, covering many topics like HTTP status codes, Hypermedia APIs, pagination/searching/filtering, and more.
How Open Policy Agent (OPA) helps in externalizing authorization from Code in Micro Services world. Before that let's look how Authorization evolved in last decade.
pega training tutorials for beginners,pega online training classes for all if professionals.interested Guys can contact and email to : ashockroy99@gmail.com
Apache Solr serves search requests at the enterprises and the largest companies around the world. Built on top of the top-notch Apache Lucene library, Solr makes indexing and searching integration into your applications straightforward.
Solr provides faceted navigation, spell checking, highlighting, clustering, grouping, and other search features. Solr also scales query volume with replication and collection size with distributed capabilities. Solr can index rich documents such as PDF, Word, HTML, and other file types.
Topics:
• RepoKid
Netflix’s Open-source Strategy to Rightsizing Cloud Permissions at Scale
• BetterTLS
A test suite for HTTPS clients implementing verification of the Name Constraints certificate extension
• Authorization at Netflix
Netflix’s architecture for implementing Authorization at scale
• Open Policy Agent
An open source, general-purpose policy engine that enables unified, context-aware policy enforcement across the entire stack. (www.openpolicyagent.org)
• Introducing PADME (Policy Access Decision Management Engine)
A modern policy management for distributed heterogenous systems. (www.padme.io)
Demo Stations:
• Stethoscope
Personalized, user-focused recommendations for employee information security.
• HubCommander
Slack bot for GitHub organization management -- and other things too!
• Open Policy Agent
An open source, general-purpose policy engine that enables unified, context-aware policy enforcement across the entire stack.
Attribute based access control is an authorization method which provides secure and fine-grained access to users. it is also called claims based access control or policy based access control
Similaire à OpenID AuthZEN ALFA PEP-PDP Prior Art (20)
ABAC, ReBAC, Zanzibar, ALFA… How Should I Implement AuthZ in My APIs - Nordi...David Brossard
During Nordic APIs 2024, I discussed the different authorization approaches to securing APIs. Much like authentication (via OAuth and other) is externalized from the API, so should authorization. There are different options ranging from ABAC (attribute-based access control) to ReBAC (relationship-based access control).
This presentation talks about the OWASP challenges developers are faced with and how externalized authorization can help address them in a clean and efficient way. We also look into an example of fine-grained authorization using ALFA, the Abbreviated Language For Authorization.
The Holy Grail of IAM: Getting to Grips with AuthorizationDavid Brossard
Tackling authorization in your apps and APIs shouldn't be hard. Learn how to decouple your app code from your authorization code, externalize to an authorization framework, leverage a policy language e.g. ALFA, and enable secure access to your APIs. In this presentation we compare and contrast different authorization approaches such as ABAC, ReBAC, Zanzibar, and more.
As of October 2023, the OpenID Foundation has launched a new working group to tackle challenges around externalized authorization. The group brings together vendors, customers, and R&D partners to drive the design and adoption of authorization patterns.
The purpose of the AuthZEN WG is to provide standard mechanisms, protocols and formats to communicate authorization related information between components within one organization or across organizations, which may have been developed or sourced from different entities.
The chairs can be reached at openid-specs-authzen@lists.openid.net
Policy enabling your services - using elastic dynamic authorization to contro...David Brossard
APIs have become the backbone of many services nowadays - from the weather forecast to delivery notifications and photo printing services. Not only can we consume data and services more readily through those APIs but we can also mash them up into greater services. To do so, we tackled API security through OAuth and OpenID Connect. They form a good basis to handle authentication and basic authorization delegation, but there is so much more to consider from an authorization perspective. This session will discuss how security concerns can be addressed through policy-driven authorization in a way that meets the needs and expectations of application developers, owners, and auditors alike. We will show how complex access policies can be handled through a dedicated authorization microservice. With this approach, you can automate security deployment changes within the same CI/CD pipelines used for application management. Furthermore, new deployment configurations are possible, such as implementing the authorization service as a sidecar, to meet advanced performance and scale requirements. All this without changing a single line of code.
Updates from the OASIS XACML Technical Committee - Making Authorization Devel...David Brossard
In this 20-minute presentation, David of the OASIS XACML TC and Axiomatics will show how XACML can be used to address fine-grained authorization, attribute-based access control, and policy-based access control using the REST, JSON, and ALFA profiles of XACML making authorization easy to create and consume.
This presentation was initially delivered at Oxford University in 2019.
To the cloud and beyond: delivering policy-driven authorization for cloud app...David Brossard
In this presentation delivered at the European Identity Conference, I discuss how externalized dynamic authorization management based on attributes and policies (ABAC and PBAC) have evolved to cater to securing cloud capabilities such as S3, Databricks, and so on.
OWASP Chicago 2016 - What is Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC)?David Brossard
In this presentation, I cover the history of access control, from simpler models e.g. access control lists (ACL) to Role Based Access Control (RBAC) and eventually Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC). I then discuss limitations of RBAC and how ABAC provides a better alternative using attributes and policies.
Why lasagna is better than spaghetti: baking authorization into your applicat...David Brossard
Next-generation access control is undergoing a bit of an identity crisis. Some call it eXternalized Authorization Management, others Dynamic Access Control and still others just refer to it as Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC). Until now, XACML and ABAC have been the two pillars supporting next-gen AuthZ. Gartner predicts that 70% of enterprises will adopt ABAC by 2020.
With ALFA, REST, and JSON, even the most complex authorization scenarios become extremely simple to implement. It's haute cuisine made simple. In this session, we will go hands-on with examples, live demos, coding, and delicious samples.
EIC 2014 Oasis Workshop: Using XACML to implement Privacy by DesignDavid Brossard
In this presentation delivered at the European Identity Conference, David looks at externalized authorization, attribute-based access control (ABAC) and XACML and how it can help implement privacy regulations.
OASIS Workshop: Identity, Privacy, and Data Protection in the Cloud – What is...David Brossard
Join a host of industry experts for this pre-conference roundtable, to hear the latest on what is being done to protect identity and ensure privacy within the cloud. This three-part interactive roundtable will open-up the dialogue on this topic, so come prepared to share information, insights and ideas.
Authorization - it's not just about who you areDavid Brossard
Worried about who's getting access to your app? Sprinkle in XACML and get access control that is both context-aware, externalized and dynamic.
Need to add more than basic access control to your application? Existing authorization frameworks including their pros and cons, but are typically quite limited. This talk will introduce XACML, the eXtensible Access Control Markup Language, an authorization standard from OASIS that defines fine-grained access control based on attributes. The XACML standard enables much more dynamic authorization that not only focuses on the user but also on resources, actions, and the context. XACML enables policy-based and attribute-based access control.
The talk with then look at how XACML can be used to apply authorization business rules to any Java application and even beyond (.NET, Ruby...). This is known as “any-breadth authorization”. XACML also enables consistent authorization across multiple layers (presentation tier; web tier; business tier; and data tier). It becomes possible to apply the same authorization logic in a JSF page as in a jdbc connection. This is also known as “any-depth authorization”
During the talk, we will look at live examples of applications using XACML. For instance, we will demonstrate the use of XACML and Java servlets, JAX-WS web services, and APIs as a whole. Attendees will also be able to write their own XACML policies, provided they download the ALFA plugin for Eclipse, an add-on for XACML policy authoring.
In January 2013, XACML 3.0 was approved as a formal standard and there are several implementations available (open-source, free, and commercial) for developers to get started. The talk will illustrate how developers can leverage XACML to quickly apply authorization to new and existing applications. After this session, you will easily be able to add standards-based authorization to your application - and simplify your life!
XACML in five minutes: excerpt from Catalyst 2013 panel "New school identity ...David Brossard
In this panel hosted by Ian Glazer, my colleague Gerry Gebel introduces the audience to XACML and its latest developments including REST, JSON, and more developer-friendly initiatives.
XACML for Developers - Updates, New Tools, & Patterns for the Eager #IAM Deve...David Brossard
In this presentation I introduce the basics of Attribute-based Access Control, XACML, and why it matters to developers. I also focus on the latest XACML TC profiles - the REST profile and the JSON profile that make integration easier and faster.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
UiPath New York Community Day in-person eventDianaGray10
UiPath Community Day is a unique gathering designed to foster collaboration, learning, and networking with automation enthusiasts. Whether you're an automation developer, business analyst, IT professional, solution architect, CoE lead, practitioner or a student/educator excited about the prospects of artificial intelligence and automation technologies in the United States, then the UiPath Community Day is definitely the place you want to be.
Join UiPath leaders, experts from the industry, and the amazing community members and let's connect over expert sessions, demos and use cases around AI in automation as we highlight our technology with a special speaker on Document Understanding.
📌Agenda
3:00 PM Registrations
3:30 PM Welcome note and Introductions | Corina Gheonea (Senior Director of Global UiPath Community)
4:00 PM Introduction to Document Understanding
How to build and deploy Document Understanding process
Where would Document Understanding be used.
Demo
Q&A
4:45 PM Customer/Partner showcase
Accelirate
Intro to Accelirate and history with UiPath
Why are we excited about the new AI features of UiPath?
Customer highlight
a. Document Understanding – BJs Case Study
b. Document Understanding + generative AI
5.30 PM Networking
The infamous Mallox is the digital Robin Hoods of our time, except they steal from everyone and give to themselves. Since mid-2021, they've been playing hide and seek with unsecured Microsoft SQL servers, encrypting data, and then graciously offering to give it back for a modest Bitcoin donation.
Mallox decided to go shopping for new malware toys, adding the Remcos RAT, BatCloak, and a sprinkle of Metasploit to their collection. They're now playing a game of "Catch me if you can" with antivirus software, using their FUD obfuscator packers to turn their ransomware into the digital equivalent of a ninja.
-------
This document provides a analysis of the Target Company ransomware group, also known as Smallpox, which has been rapidly evolving since its first identification in June 2021.
The analysis delves into various aspects of the group's operations, including its distinctive practice of appending targeted organizations' names to encrypted files, the evolution of its encryption algorithms, and its tactics for establishing persistence and evading defenses.
The insights gained from this analysis are crucial for informing defense strategies and enhancing preparedness against such evolving cyber threats.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
When stars align: studies in data quality, knowledge graphs, and machine lear...
OpenID AuthZEN ALFA PEP-PDP Prior Art
1. 1
axiomatics.com
OpenID AuthZEN Prior Art
ALFA - Abbreviated Language for Authorization
David Brossard, January 2024 | https://www.linkedin.com/company/axiomatics/ | https://www.linkedin.com/in/davidbrossard/
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Background
• ALFA is first and foremost a policy language
• ALFA follows NIST’s ABAC special publication
o SP 800-162, Guide to Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) Definition and Considerations | CSRC
• ALFA is based on XACML
o It uses a lightweight syntax similar to Java
• ALFA leverages the JSON Profile of XACML to send/receive authorization requests
o JSON Profile of XACML 3.0 Version 1.1
• The JSON Profile of XACML references the REST Profile of XACML for the actual transport
o REST Profile of XACML v3.0 Version 1.0
• The transport part (HTTP…) is entirely decoupled from the request/response format.
o They’re 2 different specs (see above)
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Use Cases
ALFA supports the same authorization use cases as XACML:
• Binary authorization request
o Can Alice view Document #1?
o Permit ✅/Deny❌/NotApplicable❔/Indeterminate ⚠️
• Batch authorization requests
o Can Alice, Bob, and Carol view, edit, or delete documents #1, 2, 3?
o 3x3x3 decisions are returned
o Batch requests are specified in another profile called the Multiple Decision Profile Version 1.0
• ⚠️Notably, ALFA (and XACML) does not support partial evaluation/search
o This is something vendors have had to build themselves
o Axiomatics has a proprietary API called Reverse Query that implements partial evaluation
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Attributes are the core elements of an authorization request
• ALFA is entirely attribute-based
o Therefore, an authorization request is (nearly exclusively) made up of attributes
• An attribute is made up of
o A category e.g. subject
o A datatype e.g. string
o An identifier (a urn) e.g. com.acme.user.name
• Attributes can be multi-valued
o citizenship can contain multiple values e.g. Swiss and Swedish
• ALFA supports
o 4 default categories: subject, action, resource, and environment
– ✅This corresponds to Cedar’s PARC model and AuthZEN’s current subject/resource/action proposal
o A dozen standard datatypes (see https://alfa.guide/alfa-datatypes/)
• ALFA is extensible
o You can add categories and datatypes if you so desire
o In practice, users stick to subject/action/resource/environment and basic datatypes (string, boolean, numbers,
dates)
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Features of the Authorization Response
• The response contains an array of results (to be able to support the Multiple Decision Profile)
• Each result contains
o One of 4 possible decisions: Permit ✅/Deny❌/NotApplicable❔/Indeterminate ⚠️
o An optional status that can be used to convey errors e.g. missing attributes or division by zero
o An optional array of obligations and advice
o An optional array of attributes and their values used in the decision making process
o An optional array of identifiers pointing to the policies used in the evaluation process
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Additional Features
• An Authorization Request can ask the PDP to return the identifiers of the policies evaluated
o ReturnPolicyIdList
– type boolean; default value is false
– This is useful to trace an evaluation or understand which policy triggered the eventual decision
o CombinedDecision
– type boolean; default value is false
– In the event of a Multiple Decision Request e.g. “Can Alice view and/or edit document #123”, rather than the PDP
returning 2 decisions (Permit, Deny), those decisions can be combined into a single one.
• Policies can contain obligations & advice which are additional statements that may be returned alongside
a decision e.g.
o Permit + obligation to use MFA
o It’s on the PEP to comply with the obligation
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axiomatics.com
Sample Authorization Response with Obligations
{"Response": [{
"Decision": "Deny",
"AssociatedAdvice": [
{
"Id": "tutorial.denyMessage",
"AttributeAssignment": [
{
"AttributeId": "message.denyReason",
"Value": "Sorry, Dave, you can't do that because you do not have a role",
"Category": "urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:environment",
}
]
}
]
}]}
This response contains
additional statements called
obligations
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Simplifications
• Datatypes that can be inferred from JSON e.g. String, integer, double, boolean do not need to be specified
• Some fields that are mandatory in XACML are optional in the JSON representation and have a default
value
o E.g. XPathVersion (not very useful in a JSON world)
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Features ALFA does not have by design
• You cannot ask the PDP to only consider a subset of
policies
o It is not up to the requester to decide what applies to
them
• You cannot send the PDP a policy to execute
o It is configured beforehand through different means (see
PAP-PDP)
• As previously mentioned, no ‘search’ or partial
evaluation
o Vendors e.g. Axiomatics have implemented their own
approach
No, you don’t get to tell
me what the law is.
You cannot ride a
wooden horse on I-401
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Things that could be simplified (and that AuthZEN should do)
• Let’s fully drop features and parameters that are really only
meaningful in XACML but not in ALFA or in modern-day XMLless
worlds
• Let’s support 2 decisions only: Permit and Deny
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Extending the JSON Profile to support Search
• Essentially, the same request structure could be used.
• One would have to add the desired decision, typically Permit
o What can Alice do?
o Give me the list of items Alice can delete
• Standardizing the request is straightforward
o Standardizing the response is harder
o Is it a filter?
o Is it the list of items?
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References
• JSON Profile of XACML 3.0 Version 1.1
• REST Profile of XACML v3.0 Version 1.0
• XACML v3.0 Multiple Decision Profile Version 1.0
• ALFA - the Abbreviated Language for Authorization
• Sample Requests - Postman Collection