Introduction and methods of preparation, evaluation parameters of phytosomes, advantages , disadvantages and applications of phytosome and electrosomes. some of marketed products of phytosomes.

1. PHYTOSOMES AND
ELECTROSOMES
PRESENTED BY
N. THANUJA
M PHARMACY (Department of Pharmaceutics)
23105B020005
N O V E L D R U G D E L I V E R Y S Y S T E M

2. CONTENTS
PHYTOSOMES
1)
2)
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
4)
EVALUATION PARAMETERS OF PHYTOSOME
3)
MARKETED PRODUCTS OF PHYTOSOMES
ELECTROSOMES
6)
5)
METHOD OF PREPARATION
INTRODUCTION
APPLICATIONS
&

3. INTRODUCTION
PHYTOSOMES :
 The term “phyto” means plant while “some” means cell-like. Phytosomes are little
cell like structure. This is advanced forms of herbal formulations, which contains the
bioactive phytoconsituents of herb extract surrounds and bound by a lipid. Most of
the bioactive constituents of phytomedicines are water-soluble compounds like
flavonoids, glycosides.
 Because of water-soluble herbal extract and lipophilic outer layer phytosomes shows
better absorption and as a result produce better bioavailability and actions.
 Phytosome is a novel drug delivery system is a patented technology (U.S. Patent)
that combines hydrophilic bioactive phyto-constituents of herbs/herbal extracts and
bound by phospholipids.
 As they are better absorbed and produces better results.
 Phytosome structures contain the active ingredients of the herb surrounded by the
phospholipids.

4. METHOD OF PREPARATION OF PHYTOSOMES
04
Hydration of thin film
Drying
Solution of phospholipid in solution containing organic solvent + Herbal extract
Isolation by precipitation with non solvent (such as aliphatic hydrocarbons)
Drying (By lyophilization or spray drying)
Formation of phytosome complex (suspension)
Phospholipid dissolve in organic solvent
Thin film formation

5. EVALUATION PARAMETERS OF PHYTOSOMES
A) Visualisation - Morphology of phytosomes was observed by digital microscopy transmission
microscope and scanning microscope.
1) Digital microscopy -
• Phytosome formulation shake in water and view under digital microscope at 400X objective lens.
2) TEM analysis -
• The complex was shaken in water and viewed using Transmission Electron Microscope.
3) SEM analysis -
• Approximately 5 μL of the phytosomal suspension was transformed to a canopy slip, which
successively was mounted on a specimen tab.The samples were allowed to dry at temperature Then
the particle size of the formulation was viewed and photographer using Scanning microscope (Sigma

6. scan, Carl Zeiss scan). The particles coated with platinum by using vacuum pressure and thus, the coated
samples were viewed and photographed in JEOL JSM-6701F emission SEM.
B) FTIR -
• Spectral data were taken to work out the structure and chemical stability of extract and phytosome.
Spectral scanning was exhausted the range between 4000 and 5000cm.
C) Particle size analysis -
• Diameter of particles and polydispersity index was noted down by BECKMAN COULTER. Phytosome
formulations were diluted with solvent methanol then evaluated.
D) DSC -
• The sample with, phospholipon and phytosome were placed within the aluminum crimp cell and heated
at 100C/min from 0 to 4000*C within the atmosphere of nitrogen (TA Instruments, USA, Model DSC
Q10 V24.4 Build 116). Peak transit time onset temperatures were recorded by means of an analyzer.

8.  It assures proper delivery of drug to
the respective tissues.
 There is no problem in drug entrapment while
formulating phytosomes.
 Phytosomes are also superior to liposomes
in skin care products.
ADVANTAGES OF PHYTOSOMES
 It enhances the absorption of lipid insoluble polar phytoconstituents through
oral as well as topical route showing better bioavailability, hence significantly
greater therapeutic benefit.
 As the absorption of active constituent is improved, its dose requirement is
also reduced.

9. DISADVANTAGES OF PHYTOSOMES
 When administered orally or topically they limit their bioavailability.
 Stability problem.
 Phytoconstituents is quickly eliminated from phytosome.

10.  Enhancing Bioavailability
 Safe composition
Approved for cosmetic and pharmaceutical
applications
Low-risk profile
 High market attraction
APPLICATIONS OF PHYTOSOMES

11. SI.NO
.
PHYTOSOME
PRODUCT
NAME
DAILY
DOSAGE APPLICATIONS
1 Leucoselect
phytosome
50-100 mg Systemic antioxidant, Best choice for most people under age of fifty.
2 Greenselect ®
phytosome
50-120 mg Systemic antioxidant, Best choice for protection against cancer.
3 Ginkgoselect ®
phytosome
120 mg Best choice for most people over the age of 50. Helps in maintain good
cognitive functions and improves memory.
4 Silybinphytosome 150 mg Best choice if the liver or skin needs additional antioxidant protection.
5 Panax ginseng
phytosome
150 mg Helps in Cognitive Health, Immune Support.
®

12. MARKETED PHYTOSOMES

13. INTRODUCTION
ELECTROSOMES :
• The electrosomes are a noval surface-display system based on the specific interaction between the
cellulosomal scaffoldin protein and cascade of redox enzymes that allows multiple electron-release by fuel
oxidation.
• The electrosomes are composed of two components :
1. A Hybrid Anode - Which consists of dockerin-containing enzymes attached specifically to cohesin sites in the
scaffoldin to assemble an ethanol oxidation cascade.
2. A Hybrid Cathode - Which consists of dockerin-containing oxygen-reducing enzyme attached in multiple
copies to the cohesin- bearing scaffoldin.
 These are the transmembrane protein generate and propagate the electrical signals that allow us to sense our
surroundings, process, information, make decisions, and move.

14.  Ion channel proteins act as gates that span the lipid bilayer that surrounds all electrochemical
gradients.
 The ion flux through a chemical pore can be extremely high.
 They are high resolution in function and 3D structure to description of their molecules.
 Ion perform two basic function open and close to control the passage of ion across the cell
membrane.

15. METHOD OF PREPARATION OF ELECTROSOMES
BIOFUEL-CELL ASSEMBLY AND CHARACTRIZATION :
 Air was continuously purged to the fuel-cells. A potentiostatically controlled anode set to- 0.2V
Ag/AgCL was used.
 In all experiments, the cells were left to stabilize overnight, following fuel cell assembly, before
characterization was performed.
 The characterization of fuel cell performance was done by measuring the voltage of the cells under
variable external loads.
 A background current cell was used as a negative control for all fuel cell experiments and did not contain
any yeast. Graphite rods of 5mm diameter served as both anodes and cathodes.
 The counter electrode that served for the potentiostatically controlled electrode was of a larger surface
area, as described for the CV and CA measurements.

16. FUEL CELL-BASED BIOSENSOR FOR
ONLINE MONITORING

17.  Cost of therapy is minimized by reducing
the dose per unit formulation.
 Incorporates both hydrophilic and lipophilic
drugs.  Intensifies the stability of medicament.
ADVANTAGES OF ELECTROSOMES
 It perpetuates the endurance of active drug molecule
in the systemic circulation.
 Elevate bioavailability especially in water
disfavouring drugs.

18. DISADVANTAGES OF ELECTROSOMES
 The production cost of electrosomes are generally high.
 The constituent phospholipids present in lipid vesicular structures may undergo oxidation or hydrolysis.

19. APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROSOMES
 They use enzymatic reactions to catalyze the conversion of chemical energy
to electricity in a fuel cell.
 Its used as a carrier in drug targeting.
 Used in the treatment of cancer.
 Used in studying immune response.
 Ear targeting.
 Muscle targeting.

20. THANK YOU
T H A N k S