Non communicable disease

1. CANCER

2. Cancer is one of the major cause of death worldwide
specifically in developing countries. Cancer is the second
leading cause of death globally,accounting for an
estimated 9.6 million deaths or one in 6 deaths in 2018.
Breast Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide
in females considering all ages (Globocan 2018).More
than half of the world's total new annual cases are found
in Africa,Asia and Central and south America. Around 70%
of the world's cancer deaths occur in this region.
INTRODUCTION

3. Cont….
Around 30% of cancer causes are preventable by
adopting healthy lifestyle or by getting immunized
against infectious (HBV, HPV) causing cancer.
● The five mejor behavioral and diatery risk
include : increased level of body mass
index,low intake of fruit & vegetable ,lack of
physical activity , alcohol & tobacco use . These
factors are accountable for around one third of
cancer deaths.

4. Cont…
Cancer is a broad term for a large number of
disease that can disturb any part of the body.
Other terms used are malignant tumors and
neoplasms.
The sailent feature of cancer is the fast
multiplecation of abnormal cells that grow out of
way and attack adjoining part of the body.

5. Causes
Cancer is a multifactorial disease .
There are many factors influencing the occurrence of cancer
1. Environmental factors
A. Tobacco & Alcohol consumption
B. Dietary pattern
C. Occupation
D. Viruses
E. Parasites schistosomiasis
1. Genetic factors

6. 1.Environmental factors
A.Tobacco consumption
Practice of consumption of tobacco is widely
popular and prevalent worldwide. People use
and enjoy tobacco in many forms like smoking,
chewing etc. It is the core factor of environment
in causing Cancer of lung, larynx,
pharynx,esophagus, pancreas,bladder and
kidney.

7. Alcohol consumption
This is mainly related with
esophageal and liver cancer.

8. B.Dietary pattern
Our every food also happened to
have carcinogenic agent . People
consume cancer causing food
items knowingly or unknowingly.

9. Cont….
Some of the diet induced cancer are :
● High fat content in our daily diet for
longer period can influence breast
cancer.
● Smoked fish is the major cause of
stomach cancer.
● Consumption of beef for longer time
duration may induce bowel cancer.

10. C.Occupation
Person's occupation is the bread
and butter for the family .
Unfortunately long period of
exposure to some chemicals in
the worksite may cause cancer.

11. D .Viruses
Some specific viruses are proved to be
causing some cancer like :
1. Hepatitis “B” & ”C” causes hepatocellular
carcinoma
2. Human papilloma virus causes cancer of
uterine cervix.

12. E. Parasites schistosomiasis
Usually people may consider parasites
causing other types of disease but not
cancer. On the contrary to people's
perception parasites cause carcinoma of the
bladder.

13. Cont …..
● Burning of soild fuels in houses
create indoor smoke that may
induce cancer.
● Some of the customs, habits and
lifestyles make people adopt
wrong practices that place them at
high risk for cancer.

14. 2. Genetic factors
Genetics takes a kee role in
causing retinoblastoma
that occur in children of the
same parent

15. Cancer Control
Cancer Control measures include primary and secondary
prevention.
Primary prevention:
Adequate knowledge of people on factors influencing cancer
may help in primary prevention .
1.Control of tobacco & alcohol
consumption: control of tobacco & alcohol will help
to reduce the number of tobacco & alcohol induce cases .
But this is need high cooperation from consumer side ,
otherwise there should a law enforcement .

16. 2.Personal hygiene:
Maintenance of proper hygiene would help in
reducing the inidence of some cancers like cervical
cancer. This requires couples / partners practice
high level of personal hygiene.
3.Radiation:
Reducing exposure rates among the people
especially those who are pron for frequent
exposure may reduce the incidence of radiation
induce cancer.

17. 4.Immunization
Primary liver cancer and carvecal cancer are
prevented by vaccines.
5.Foods ,drugs ,and cosmetics
Should be tested for carcinogens.
6. Air pollution
Which is widely prevalent should be control with
adequate measure.

18. 7. Legislation
Legislative matters can enhance prevention like
baning - smoking of any form of tobacco.
8. Education on cancer
What is the vital step in . Commmunity must
be educated on warning signs of cancer.
Equipping community with educate knowledge
would help reporting of their problem to health
care members for further management.

19. Warning signs of cancer
There is a common acronym use all over the world to sell out the
warning signs of cancer.
● C : Chang in bowel or bladder habits. It is most commonly seen
in colorectal cancer.
● A : A sore that does not heal one time. If any sore on the skin or
in the mouth does not heal by taking some treatment may be
suspected to be skin cancer or oral cancer.
● U : usual bleeding or discharge. Bleeding from orifice like
bleeding from bladder, vagina ,or rectum may indicate prostate,
cervical or colorectal cancer.

20. Cont …
T: Thickening . Thickening of the breast can be sign of cancer .
A lump develop on a testicle can mean testicular cancer.
I : Indigestion. Indigestion & difficulty in swallowing can be a
symptoms of stomach, throat, esophagus or mouth cancer.
O : Obvious changes to mole. This is the most common sign of
skin cancer.
N : Nagging cough. A cough that leads for 4 weeks or longer
can be indication of lung or throat cancer.

21. Secondary prevention
Cancer registration:
Cancer registration is essential to know the
magnitude of the problem and for planning the
necessary services. There are two types of cancer
registries:
1. Hospital based registries
2. Population based registries

22. Hospital based registries :
It includes all patients treated by a perticular institution .
Registries should collect the minimum set of data as
mentioned in the “WHO” hand book of standardize
cancer registries.
Population based registries:
The hospital registry is extended to population.
The major aim of this is to bring in the information
related to entire cancer situation of the given area.

23. ● Early diagnosis
Creating people awareness on early sign
and symptoms of cancer help in early
detection and timely treatment of the
Cancer causes. The treatment has better
outcome if it is done at early stages of
cancer.

24. Screening tests for some cancers
● Visual inspection with acetic acid for carvical
cancer . This is mainly used in low resource
settings.
● Human papilloma virus testing for cervical cancer.
● PAP cytology test: this is generally referred to
“cervical pap smear test “ helps in carvical cancer
detection.Use in middle and high income settings.
● In addition to above breast self-examination is
advised to perform and report.

25. Treatment
An appropriate cancer diagnosis is the
integral part and vital based for effective
treatment. This is mainly, every cancer type
demands a specific treatment regimen that
may involve one or more approches like
surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

26. Early detectable Cancer
There are cances that have High curr
rates if detected early and treated on
time . Some of them are breast
cancer, cervical cancer,oral cancer
and colorectal cancer.

27. Palliative care
Palliative Care can be reffered to terminal care .
Many cancer clients visit hospital only at final stages
either due to ignorance or financial constraints.
Palliative care provids symptomatic treatment. Most
palliative centers function with the aim of relieving
pain, providing comfort and peace and helping them
to lead a dignified death.

28. Conclusion
Cancer is the major causes of death worldwide
specifically in developing countries. There are
some cancer that have High cure rates if detected
early.
Creating people awareness on early sign and
symptoms of cancer help in early detection and
timely treatment of causes.