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1. SANA'A UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Study of the development and evaluation of
performance of solar water desalination
system
Supervised by:
Dr. Riam Nagi Bin Break
Group:
1- Mohammed Amer Abdo Ali
2- Ahmed Abdullah Saeed Al-Sharabi
3- Abdulraqib Abdulmajid Qaid Naji
4- Labeeb Mansour Ahmed Abdullah

2. Objective

3. 1-Desalination and purification of salt water and sea water using
solar energy
2- The use and exploitation of the solar energy source to be an ideal
choice for the energy source
3- Design and construction of a mini plant for the desalination and
purification of brackish water and sea water
4-Design and construction of a mini plant for the desalination and
purification of brackish water and sea water
5- Exploiting and using the excess heat generated from the solar
collector to produce a solar water heater
6- Producing and generating electricity in the near future through
several options, including the use of steam turbines
7-The possibility of using it in the process of the home cook to cook
and cook food
DISTILLATION

4. The Team

5. Mohammed amer
Abdulraqib Abdulmajid
Ahmed al-sharabi Labeeb mansour

6. Repairing

7. Main Frame strengthened with welded Base
Mirrors replaced by Reflective Aluminum Sheets
Improved Aesthetics by Painting and Design Changes

8. the introduction
The introduction

9. • An Introduction to Solar-Powered WaterDesalination:
Solar-powered water desalination is the process of using
solar energy to convert saline or contaminated water into
fresh, potable water suitable for drinking, agricultural, or
industrial use It is considered a sustainable and
environmentally-friendly method of meeting the increasing
demand for fresh water in water-scarce regions.
The process of solar-powered water desalination involves
harnessing solar radiation to generate either electrical or
thermal energy, which is then utilized in the desalination
process. There are two main types of solar-powered water
desalination:

10. 1. Solar thermal water desalination: This process involves
utilizing solar radiation to heat the saline or
contaminated water and convert it into water vapor.
The vapor is then condensed and collected to obtain
pure, fresh water. This type of desalination requires a
solar energy collection system and an integrated
d e s a l i n a t i o n u n i t .
2. Solar photovoltaic water desalination: This process
relies on using solar radiation to generate electricity,
which can be used to power water desalination
systems. The generated electricity is utilized to operate
pumps or purification systems, removing salts and
impurities from the saline water.

11. Solar-powered water desalination offers several
benefits. It is a renewable energy source as sunlight is
readily available. Furthermore, it reduces dependence
on traditional energy sources, decreases greenhouse gas
emissions, and minimizes environmental pollution.
Additionally, it helps meet the growing demand for fresh
w a t e r i n r e g i o n s f a c i n g w a t e r s c a r c i t y.
Despite its advantages, solar-powered water
desalination requires advanced technology and
significant investments for efficient implementation.
Nonetheless, it remains an important option for meeting
future water needs and contributing to addressing the
g l o b a l w a t e r c r i s i s .

12. Solar water desalination is a sustainable
solution to secure clean water in Yemen
• Yemen is one of the most Arab countries facing a
suffocating water crisis and one of the most fragile
countries in terms of pure and healthy water.
• Also, obtaining clean, healthy and safe drinking water is
a matter of great importance for both urban and
urbanresidents, both cities and rural areas

13. • And we all know what they suffer from in the
countryside in order to obtain pure water by moving
long distances, as well as the city dwellers who suffer
from the high prices of water that is purified in stations
that operate using different energy sources such as fuel
and others.
• Based on these problems, we must work to solve
these problems, as we are graduates of the
department Mechanical Engineering, Sana'a
University, making a model of a desalination plant that
works with renewable energy solar.

14. Methods of water treatment using solar energy
• Water sterilization by solar energy:
Solar energy can be used to sterilize water by exposing it
to the natural ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun. Water
sterilization is ensured by prolonged exposure to
ultraviolet radiation through the use of A transparent
vessel or system for flowing water in the sun.

15. Desalination using solar energy:
Solar energy can be used to desalinate fresh water. Solar
desalination systems are used to directly convert salty or
polluted water into potable water by heating the water
using solar energy. And evaporate it, and then condense the
steam to get pure water. Solar desalination systems are
sustainable and applicable in remote areas that lack the
infrastructure to provide clean water.

16. Introducing the project
and a model for the desalination plant

18. • The main parts that make up the mini
desalination plant:
1. The power source (solar reflector )
2. The receiver (boiler)
3. Measuring devices and valves
4. Pipes
5. Condenser
6. feeding tank

19. • The power source (solar reflector )

20. The receiver (boiler)

21. Measuring devices and valves

22. • Pipes

23. • Condenser

24. • feeding tank

25. The power source
We made a general study on the sources of solar energy,
and through the studies, the focus was on energy
Concentrated solar panels due to the high amount of
heat it produces and its high efficiency, which works to
focus the reflected rays at a line or point.

26. Type of concentrated solar energy
1- point focusing
2- line focusing
3- solar tower

28. LINE FOCUSING
It produces an average temperature of less than 400C0

29. POINT FOCUSE
It produces an average temperature greater than 400C0
• solar tower
• Solar parabolic dish collector

30. SOLAR PARABOLIC DISH COLLECTOR

32. SOLAR PARABOLIC DISH COLLECTOR
Specifications:
• Diameter 1.5 liters
• Made of aluminium
• Covered with a reflective surface or a mirror that reflects the
incident rays and collects them at the focal point
• The weight of the solar collector is 21 kg
• Panel thickness: 4.0 mm
• Focal length: 600 mm
• Concentration temperature: 700-1000 degrees Celsius
• Maximum output power: 1800W
• Reflective material: magnesium oxide

34. • THE SOLAR COLLECTOR :
• The solar collector can be used for home cooking and
cooking without or electricity. This solar collector collects
and reflects solar radiation and concentrates it at the focal
point, as the concentrated and projected temperature at
the focal point ranges between 700-1000 degrees Celsius.
• This solar collector generates a very high temperature,
as the temperature it generates is 5 times the
temperature of the home oven
• The solar collector is easy to clean, as it needs soapy
water and a towel to dry the water from it

35. • Obtaining clean energy from it, as it can be used in many
fields, including Distillation of salt water and sea water,
as well as heating the water and the possibility of using it
in the home cooker. Finally, we will use it to produce
electricity through steam turbines or through certain
technologies.
• The solar collector can boil and evaporate 1 kg of water
and it takes a period of time between 6-7 minutes

36. • We were not satisfied with the theoretical aspect only,
but we also conducted the solar collector test, and a
degree testThe heat it produces and the amount of heat
it produces. It is equal to 7 times the temperature
produced by domestic gas ovens in terms of heating and
the temperature it produces.
• As shown in the video

40. The boiler

41. We used three types of different sizes and different
materials in order to obtain the highest efficiency and
highest productivity:
1. A boiler with a height of 35 cm and a diameter of 22 cm,
made of aluminum As it was efficient in conducting
heat and boiling water less, and it takes a long period of
time for water to boil, due to the height and its
relatively large size, which leads to a loss in
temperature due to external influences such as wind
and others.

42. 2. A boiler of a smaller size, also made of aluminum, its
dimensions were 30 cm in height and 15 cm in diameter,
and we got the same previous results

43. 3- A Small boiler
• Made of copper, its dimensions are 22 cm in diameter
and 8 cm in height, as the evaporation efficiency was
high
• Due to the small size of the boiler and the high
conductivity of copper.
• Then, we painted the boiler black and insulated the
upper part and its edges with tin in order to obtain a
large production quantity and to maintain the
temperature from loss.
• We made two openings on it, the first is an entrance for
water, and the other is an outlet for steam

44. Plumbing tools

45. Plumbing tools
We used three types of pipes:
• Pipes made of heat-resistant plasticWhere we found
during the experiment that it does not withstand the
temperature of the steam that passes through it..
• Ruby pipes used in heat-resistant solar heatersThe results
of its use were that it is characterized by high temperature
toleranceOne of its drawbacks is that the flow of steam
passing through it is small compared to iron pipes
• Pipes made of galvanized iron, which works to resist rust
and corrosion

47. The condenser

48. It is a small tank with the following dimensions:
22 cm in diameter and 35 cm in height Inside it is a coil
of copper that works to pass the steam coming from the
boiler in it, which passes from the condenser that works
to withdraw the heat of the steam and convert it from
the gaseous state to the liquid state (distilled water).
The condenser

49. The measuring devices used in the experiment

50. 1- Temperature gauge and is attached to the boiler:
An electronic sensor that measures the temperature and
displays the numbers on the screen provided in it
2- The solenoid valve :
It is an electric valve used to pass or stop a gas or liquid. The valve
is controlled by an electric current that operates the coil that
generates a magnetic field to open or lock the passage of the
liquid or gas

51. 3- Vacuum pump :
• The pressure regulator works to draw the pressure
inside the boiler, and when the pressure in the boiler
increases, it works to reduce the pressure in it, and thus
it reduces the risks of increasing the pressure in the
boiler, which avoids the explosion of the boiler when the
pressure increases to the permissible limit.
• It also has another use, as it works like a vacuum pump,
which will be explained in the improvements section.

52. Water feed tank

53. It is a tank made of plastic, the dimensions are as follows
50 cm in height and 30 cm in diameter, which serves to
supply cold water to the condenser during a shortage in
the condenserThat is, it supplies the entire system with
cold water
Water feed tank

55. Experiments section

56. Experiment 1
• We fed the boiler water directly from the feed tank and
the temperature spot was set .
• We noticed that the boiling of the water started after an
estimated period of time between 6-7 minutes.
• After that, we passed the steam through the iron pipes to
the condenser, so that we condensed the steam and
turned it into distilled water.
• In the second process, we refilled the boiler with cold
water from the feed tank.
• we noticed that the temperature of the boiler decreased
until it reached a temperature of 40 degrees Celsius.As
the cold water entering the kettle makes the boiler take
longer to boil the water and then evaporate

58. We noticed that in this experiment, when the steam
coming from the boiler passed through the copper pipe
placed in the condenser, the water placed in the
condenser for the purpose of cooling began to boil as a
result of the high heat that the water absorbed from the
steam.
A note on experiment 1

59. Conclusions and improvements
to experiment 1

76. Modifications

78. MODIFICATIONS
Solar Energy as
a Power Source
Frame &
Tracker
Connection
Dish inclined at
27°
Steel
Container for
Faster Heating
Microprocessor
Controlled

83. Component Specs

84. 150cm Diameter 48T Chainring
18T Cogset
23 N-cm Torque
60 RPM Stepper Motor
12V 7.5A Main Battery
12V 1A Battery
Arduino Uno 21
V
18 W Panel

85. Working

86. Sunlight
Sunlight
Charging
Power to
Motor
Power to
MP
Regulate
Power
Desired Movement

87. Important Data

88. Average Annual Daytime Sunlight*^
730
mins/day
360
mins/day
Average Annual Peak Daytime Sunlight*^
530 Average Annual Usable Daytime Sunlight*^
mins/day
27 ° Inclination as Latitude of Jaipur*`
*Data of Jaipur Only ^Data from Weather Channel Inc. Ltd.
27°N
`Data from Google

89. Work Allocation

90. Sr.No. Name Qty. Price
1 Aluminium Sheet 1 500
2 Gear 2 200
3 Bearing 2 200
4 Solar Panel 1 1500
5 Motor 1 800
6 Battery 1 800
7 Sprocket Chain 1 150
8 Relay Circuit 1 1000
9 Others - 500
Total 5650 ₹

91. Gantt Chart

93. Advantages

94. Uses Solar Energy Uses Renewable Energy Low Cost
Easy to Operate Less Maintenance Environment Friendly

95. Applications

96. Industries
Laboratories
Homes
Hospitals
Workshops

97. Conclusions

98. Usability Increased by
47%
More Efficient than the Previous Product
32%
Overall Efficiency Increased by
23%

99. References

100. •
Myweather 2, <http://www.myweather2.com/City-
Town/India/Jaipur/climate-profile.aspx>
•
latlong.net, <http://www.latlong.net/place/jaipur-rajasthan-
india-5130.html>
•
Weather Spark beta, <https://weatherspark.com/
averages/33936/Jaipur-Rajasthan-India>
•
The Weather Channel, < http://www.weather.com/>

101. Questions?

102. Thank You!