Protected cultivation involves growing crops under protective structures to modify the environment for optimal plant growth. The three main methods are mulching, row covers, and greenhouses. Greenhouses provide the highest level of environmental control through transparent enclosures that regulate sunlight, temperature, humidity, and prevent pest and disease entry. Protected cultivation can improve crop yields and provide year-round production by mitigating environmental stresses like heavy rain, strong winds, and extreme temperatures.

1. Protected
Jupite Mark U. Banayag, L.Agr
Faculty
Compostela Valley State College
Purok 10, Poblacion, Compostela, 8803 Compostela Valley
pitebanayag@gmail.com
Agriculture

2. A technology to address the
situation is
Protected Cultivation
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3. Protected Cultivation/Agriculture
- Protected agriculture is the modification of
the natural environment to achieve
optimum plant growth.
Modifications can be made to both
the aerial and root environment.
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4. What is protected crop
production?
• is growing vegetables, flowers,
ornamental plants, spices, and other
high value crops in a protective
structure .
– Protective structure prevents the plants
from damages caused by strong winds,
heavy rains and insects.
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5. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
(United Kingdom)
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6. History
• 14-37 AD in Rome
• Royal physicians have
asked the ailing Emperor
Tiberius to eat cucumber
every day.
• Growing off-season
cucumbers under
“transparent stone”
• Painstakingly built with
translucent sheets of mica.
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7. Ruins of Specularium Today
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10. Various Materials Used
• Stones
• Oiled translucent paper
• Manure and glass- Manure for
heating
• Glass
• Plastics
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13. • Protected
Cultivation of
High-Value
Crops in the
Philippines
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14. Rationale
Philippine crop production is
characterized by extreme seasonality:
Dry season: supply is abundant, prices are
low
Wet season: supply is low, prices are high
Prices fluctuate as dictated by supply.
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15. Supply is further affected by:
• Prevailing extreme
environmental conditions; and
• High incidence of pests and
diseases
There is a need for a production
technology which enables
growers to produce crops all
year round.
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16. The three major methods of
protected agriculture are:
1.Mulches
2.Row covers
3.Greenhouses
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17. GreenhousesJMBanayag

18. Greenhouse
 A transparent enclosure
designated to grow or
temporarily protect plants.
 It controls the environmental
conditions for plants.
 prevent the entry of insects,
 regulates sunlight and water
 protect the plants from strong
winds and
 too much heat caused by
solar radiation. JMBanayag

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20. • In most cases, these are massive
structures with metal support, glass or
plastic covers and a fully automated
operation:
– Temperature controls
– Humidity controls
– Irrigation
– Fertilization
– Pest management
.
*Requires a considerable initial investment
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22. Plastic Film Properties
Improper Light Transmission
Harmful U.V. Entering Inside
Proper Light Transmission
Not Allowing Harmful U.V.
Transmission
http://www.essenpoly.com/greenhousefilm.htm
1. UV Block
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23. Plastic Film Properties
Direct sun rays falling on the
crops burns them
and also the lower foliage does
not get the proper
Light Comparatively
The direct rays are scattered
thus intensity is
reduced and also the Lower
Foliage Gets More Light
as The Shadow Effect Is
Eliminated
http://www.essenpoly.com/greenhousefilm.htm
2. Diffusion/Haze
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24. Diffused Light
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25. Types of Greenhouses Most Commonly
Used in the Philippines
Israel Greenhouse Type Korean Greenhouse Type
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26. Types of Greenhouses Most Commonly
Used in the Philippines
African Greenhouse Type Chinese Greenhouse Type
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27. CLSU Greenhouse Type
Types of Greenhouses Most Commonly
Used in the Philippines
AVRC Type - Taiwan shelter house
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28. Market Supply of Farm Produce
• Market requires steady supply of farm
produce.
• Production plan is needed.
• (Show Sample plan) MPPI_MFM
11022016- Revised Production Program
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30. Light intensity
• Short day plant-
requires short days or
long nights to flower.
• Critical day length
– 14 - 15 hours for flower
initiation
–13 -14 hours for
development.
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31. Lighting for chrysanthemum
Growth phase Weeks from planting Photoperiod
Vegetative phase
Up to 4-5 weeks from
planting till the plant attains
50 to 60 cm height
Long day: 13 hrs light
and 11 hrs dark
Flowering
5 -6 weeks after planting till
harvest
Short day: 10 hrs light
and 14 hrs dark
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36. Honey dew
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37. Cabbage, Cauliflower and Broccoli
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39. Row Cover/ Tunnel
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40. Row Cover/ Tunnel
• A tunnel refers to an
arched structure
figured by inserting
both ends of the rod
into the ground.
• It is the simplest
structure to support
the covering materials.
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41. • PE film protects row crops against
excessive rains and strong winds that
occur during the rainy season.
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42. • High tunnels (2m from the ground) and
• Low tunnels (1m from the ground) can be
constructed.
• Tunnel structures are suitable for short
stature crops such as crucifers (pechay,
lettuce, cauliflower), peppers, eggplant
and herbs.
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44. Tomato Row Cover
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46. • In tropical conditions, the tunnel covers
the entire row of crops during continuous
heavy rains.
• In case no rain is expected, the plastic
sheet is rolled up and covers only the
topmost portion of the structure.JMBanayag

47. MulchingJMBanayag

48. Mulching
Types:
• Organic mulching
materials
– Rice straw, coco coir, rice
hull, paper
– Not very effective in
controlling weeds.
• Plastic Mulch
– Clear or Transparent
– Two-side color MulchesJMBanayag

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51. Advantages
1. Control weed growth
2. Control soil erosion
3. Control moisture loss
4. Control insect pests
5. Reduce leaching of fertilizer
6. Prevent fruit rotting
7. Reduction in root damage
(since no need to cultivate the
soil, better growth)
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52. Plastic Mulch
• Made from polyethylene plastic polymers.
• Silver/black mulch is manufactured with
the co-extrusion process which enables
2 or more materials of different
characteristics to be combined in one
sheet. (2 Side color mulch)
• Silver/black
• Black/black
• Yellow/blackJMBanayag

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54. Two-side color Mulch
• Yellow/black- attracts certain insects and
thus acts as a trap for them, which
prevents diseases.
• White/black- Cools the soil.
• Silver/black- Cools the soil, through not to
the extent of white/black film and repels
some aphids and thrips.
• Red/black- partialy translucent allowing
radiation to pass through and warm soil.
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55. Percentage (%) Increase in Yield
• Plastic mulch vs. no mulch
• MacFarm Data 2014
Ampalaya 48%
Okra 93.75%
Sitao 31%
Squash 226%
Eggplant 81%
Tomato 4%
Pechay TBV
*TBV- to be validated
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60. Cutflower Production
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61. Cutflower Production
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63. Screen House/ Net HouseJMBanayag

64. Screen house/net house
• Using nylon net for top and
side covers.
• The net comes in several
mesh-sizes.
• The net acts as a physical
barrier for most insect pests.JMBanayag

65. Leafy vegetables grown under
screen house
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66. Leafy vegetable
production under
screen or net
houses
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67. Rainshelter
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68. Rainshelter
• Simple plastic houses are built
using iron pipes, bamboo or
wooden frames. Rain shelters are
almost similar to high plastic
tunnels, sometimes called hoop
houses.
• Rainshelters- specifically designed
to mitigate the impact of raindrops
on crops that may result to leaf,
flower and fruit damage.JMBanayag

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73. Hydroponics
• Hydroponics is a technology for
growing plants in a nutrient solution
(water and fertilizers) with or without
the use of artificial medium (e.g.
sand, gravel, vermiculite, peat moss,
sawdust) to provide mechanical
support to the plant.
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74. SNAP
Hydroponics
System
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75. Other Protected Cultivation
Practices
–The following practices are being
promoted in conjunction with
urban agriculture, which is
characterized by a very limited
land area for planting or a highly
congested available space.
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76. Container Growing
- Use of modified growing medium for
container growing and the utilization of
waste materials as containers.
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79. Use of Grow Bags
Artificial media are used fror growing crops
in a sort of hydroponics fashion.
The use of grow bags may solve the
problem of bacterial wilt in high value
which has no resistant variety.
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85. Trellises
• Structures commonly provided to support
viny vegetables such as cucurbits.
• Solanaceous crops are also provided with
trellis, primarily to prevent lodging. Rotting
is considerably minimized in this case.
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94. Technical Requirements for
Protective Cultivation
• Location
• Environmental Control
• Selection of Crops for Protected
Cultivation
– Resistance to pest and diseases
– Non-seasonality( Photoperiod)
– High demand and sustained market
– High yielding with quality produce
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95. More Protective
Cultivation Practice
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102. Tree Shroud
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104. Summary
• Protective structures provide protection to
vegetable crops against biotic and abiotic
stresses.
• Vegetable production under protective
structures insures year-round supply of
vegetables and helps stabilize market
price.
• The three major methods of protected
agriculture are Mulching, Row cover and
Greenhouse. JMBanayag

105. • Main benefit of protective structures is
protection against the impact of heavy
rainfall and strong winds in the tropics.
• Yields of vegetables some crops have
been improved under protective
structures.
Summary
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106. Credits
• AVRDC- Manuel C. Palada
• UPLB- SNAP Hydroponics
• World Bank-Protected agriculture: a global
review / Merle H. Jensen and Alan J. Malter.
• DA
• Special Thanks to:
Macondray Plastics Products, Inc. (MacPlas)
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