TOPIC: THINKING Specific objective: 1. Introduce Thinking 2. Definition 3. Nature 4. Influencing factors of thinking 5. Types 6. Levels 7. Stages of development 8. Relationship of language and communication. 9. Reasoning INTRODUCTION People think-that’s obvious. Human are rational beings & our rationality consists in our ability to think & reason. It is because of our capacity for better thinking that we are superior to other animals in learning & in making adjustment. During most of our waking hours, & even when we are asleep & dreaming, we are thinking. DEFINITION 1. Thinking is an activity concerning ideas, symbolic in character initiated by a problem or task which the individual is facing, involving some trial & error but under the directing influence of that problem & ultimately leading to a conclusion or solution of the problem. -Warren 2. Thinking is the organization & reorganization of current learning in the present circumstances with the help of learning & past experiences. ---------Vinacke (1968) 3. Thinking is the perceptual relationship which provides for the solution of the problem. -Maier NATURE • It is essentially a cognitive activity. • It is always directed to achieve some end or purpose. • It is described as a problem-solving behavior. • It is a symbolic activity. • It is mental exploration instead of motor exploration. • It can shift very rapidly. • It is internal activity. CHARACTERISTICS OF THINKING 1. Thinking process starts with sensation which is organized in cognition to have the perception. 2. It is always directed towards achieving some purpose. 3. Thinking is described as a problem solving behavior. 4. Thinking is a symbolic activity in thinking a mental solution of the problem is carried out though some signs symbols and mental images INFLUENCING FACTORS OF THINKING 1. Strong motivation 2. Application and interest 3. Alertness and flexibility: 4. Intelligence 5. Limitations of time 6. Absence of emotions 7. Impact of superstition 8. Knowledge of language 9. Concepts 10. Contact with society TYPES 1. Perceptual or concrete thinking 2. Conceptual or abstract thinking 3. Creative thinking 4. Logical thinking/ reasoning 5. Problem solving 6. Convergent Vs Divergent thinking 1. Perceptual or concrete thinking • It is based on perception. • Perception is the process of interpretation of sensation according to one’s experience. • It is also called concrete thinking as it is carried over the perception of actual or concrete & events. • It is one-dimensional & literal thinking which has limited use of metaphor without understanding nuances of meaning.

1. THINKING
PRESENTED BY:
MS. VARSHA B.S.

2. Specific objective:
1. Introduce Thinking
2. Definition
3. Nature
4. Influencing factors of thinking
5. Types
6. Levels
7. Stages of development
8. Relationship of language and
communication.
9. Reasoning

3. INTRODUCTION
 People think-that’s obvious. Human
are rational beings & our rationality
consists in our ability to think &
reason. It is because of our capacity
for better thinking that we are superior
to other animals in learning & in
making adjustment. During most of
our waking hours, & even when we
are asleep & dreaming, we are
thinking, what are you thinking about
right now?

4. DEFINITION
1. Thinking is an activity concerning
ideas, symbolic in character initiated
by a problem or task which the
individual is facing, involving some trial
& error but under the directing
influence of that problem & ultimately
leading to a conclusion or solution of
the problem.
-Warren

5. DEFINITION
1. Thinking is the organization &
reorganization of current learning in
the present circumstances with the
help of learning & past experiences. -
---Vinacke (1968)
2. Thinking is the perceptual
relationship which provides for the
solution of the problem. -
Maier

6. NATURE
 It is essentially a cognitive activity.
 It is always directed to achieve some end
or purpose.
 It is described as a problem-solving
behavior.
 It is a symbolic activity.
 It is mental exploration instead of motor
exploration.
 It can shift very rapidly.
 It is internal activity.

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF
THINKING
 Thinking process starts with sensation
which is organized in cognition to have the
perception.
 It is always directed towards achieving
some purpose.
 Thinking is described as a problem solving
behavior.
 Thinking is a symbolic activity in thinking a
mental solution of the problem is carried out
though some signs symbols and mental
images.

8. INFLUENCING FACTORS OF
THINKING
1. Strong motivation
2. Application and interest
3. Alertness and flexibility:
4. Intelligence
5. Limitations of time
6. Absence of emotions
7. Impact of superstition
8. Knowledge of language
9. Concepts
10. Contact with society

9. TYPES
1. Perceptual or concrete thinking
2. Conceptual or abstract thinking
3. Creative thinking
4. Logical thinking/ reasoning
5. Problem solving
6. Convergent VS Divergent thinking

10. 1. Perceptual or concrete
thinking
 It is based on perception.
 Perception is the process of
interpretation of sensation according
to one’s experience.
 It is also called concrete thinking as it
is carried over the perception of actual
or concrete & events.

11. 2. Conceptual or abstract
thinking
 It does not require the perception of
actual objects or events.
 It is also called abstract thinking as it
makes the use of concepts or abstract
ideas.
 It is superior to perceptual thinking's
as it economizes efforts in
understanding & helps in discovery &
invention.

12. 3. Creative thinking
 It refers to the ability for original
thinking, to create or discover
something new.
 It is the ability to integrate the various
elements of the situation into a
harmonious whole to create
something novel.

13. 4. Logical thinking/ reasoning
 It is the cognitive process of looking
for reasons for beliefs, conclusion,
actions or feelings.
 It is the process of drawing
conclusions based on evidence.
 It is form of controlled thinking in
which the thought process is directed
consciously towards the solutions of a
problem.

14. It is classified into;
 I. Inductive reasoning: This is process of
reasoning from parts to the whole, from
example to generalizations. It is carried out
generally within the field known as informal
logic or critical thinking.
 II. Deductive reasoning: This moves from
the whole to part, from generalization to
underlying concepts to examples. Formal
logic is described as “the science of
deduction.”
 III. Abductive reasoning: It is cognitive
process often involves both inductive &
deductive arguments.

15. 5. Problem solving
 It is a tool, skill & a process.
 It is a tool because it can help you
solve an immediate problem or to
achieve a goal.
 It is a skill because once you have
learnt it you can use it repeatedly, like
the ability to ride a bicycle, add
numbers or speak a language.
 It is also a process because it involve
taking a number of steps.

16. A seven-step problem solving
cycles;
1. Identify the problem
2. Explore the problem
3. Set goals
4. Look at alternatives
5. Select a possible solution
6. Implement a possible solution
7. Evaluation

17. 6. Convergent thinking
 Convergent thinking is cognitive
processing of information around a
common point, an attempt to bring
thoughts from different directions into
a union for common conclusion.
 Divergent thinking starts from a
common point & moves outward into a
variety of perspectives.

18. LEVELS OF THINKING
6. Evaluation
5. Synthesis
4. Analysis
3. Application
2. Comprehension
1. Knowledge

19. WAY TO IMPROVE THINKING
1. Keep yourself only with current
project
2. Dedicated hour an of focus time to
your most important task
3. Stir up your visual and creative
talents with exposures to the arts
4. Learn how to ‘mind map’:
5. Finally, on the hour- stop thinking

20. THINKING IN RELATION TO
LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

21. ALTERATION IN THINKING
1. Psychosis
2. Delusion

22. 1. Psychosis
 It is a mental disorder in which reality
testing is not intact; behavior may violate
gross social norms.
 It is just opposite to neurosis in which
reality testing is intact & behavior may not
violate social norms.
 Many psychiatric disorders such as
schizophrenia, mania, depression etc.
come under psychosis.
 It includes various disturbances in thinking.

23. 2. Delusion
 It is false, persistent, irrational belief
not shared by persons of same age,
race, education standard which cannot
be altered by logical arguments.
 Example:
 Persecutory delusion
 Delusion of reference

24. DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF
THINKING

26. REASONING
DEFINATION
 Reasoning is step-wise thinking with a
purpose or goal in mind. -(Garrett -
1968)
 Reasoning is combining past
experience in order to solve a problem
which cannot be solved by mere
reproduction of earlier solutions. -
(Mann - 1967)

27. NATURE OF REASONING
 It is a form of logical thinking
 It is characterized by rigid control that
keeps it in close contact with reality.
 It is always directed towards the
achievement of a specific goal.
 Reasoning does not occur unless a
question has arisen for which there is
no ready answer.

28. TYPES OF REASONING
 Inductive Reasoning: (Proceed from
specific facts or observation to general
principles.) For example, iron expand
when heated
 Deductive Reasoning; (Proceed from
general principles to specific
situations) For examples, matter
expands when heated; iron is a form
of matter & thus expands when
heated.