physiology has different aspects .one of them is to use blood circulation system ,blood clotting and also blood typing .all of which are helpful specially when there are blood clotting disorders and /or surgery and blood transfusion.

1. Animal
Physiology
Laboratory
Prepared by :
Dr.Afagh Bapirzadeh
Second trimester
1402/2024

2. Clotting process
• If there is a cut in the body and no
recovery ,the body will lose all its
blood
• There should be a system that is able
to inhibit pouring out the body blood
• This happens in a process called
clotting
• About 50 factors are involved in this
process

3. Factors involved in clot formation
Third step
Second
step
First step
The nearby
blood vessels
constrict
Platelets plug
the leak
Fibrin clot is
formed
RBCs are
trapped in
there
Platelets react
with clotting
factors
The two ends
of the vessel
is getting
pulled
together

4. Steps of hemostasis

5. Disease Related To
Blood Clotting
Difficulties
• Hemophilia A & B
• Thrombocytopeni
a
• Vonwilbrand
disease

6. BT &
CT
BT TEST
CT TEST

7. Blood typing systems
‫سیستم‬
ABO
‫خونی‬ ‫گروه‬
A
‫خونی‬ ‫گروه‬
B
‫خونی‬ ‫گروه‬
AB
‫گروه‬
‫خونی‬
O
Rh
Rh+
Rh-

8. Blood groups

9. Blood typing test
• Blood group A: in these people blood is anti b and they are
divided to 2 categories (a positive /a negative)
• Blood group B:in these people blood is anti a and they are
divided to 2 categories to (b positive /b negative
• Blood group AB: in these people blood no anti A no anti B
and are categorized in to AB positive (Universal receiver )
and AB negative
• Blood group O:in these people blood is anti a and b and
are categorized into oppositive and o negative (Universal
donor)

10. Cross match
• There are two types of crossmatch :minor crossmatch & major crossmatch

11. Blood typing
process in
medical labs
• First put 3 drops of blood on a card
• then add anti-blood antigens for A & B& D
• See if there is any clotting