tikari village VARANASI survey report .pdf

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SOCIO – ECONOMIC VILLAGE SURVEY REPORT
Household Schedule Questionnaire Survey of
Village Tikri, Block-Kashi Vidyapeeth, District Varanasi
Session
2023-2024
Report Based on Socio-Economic Survey in the
M.A./M. Sc in Geography,
Semester – II,
Course Code GRM: 203
Submitted by
Rahul Kumar
Teacher In charge Head of the Department
Prof. Narendra Kumar Rana Prof. V.N. Sharma
Dr. Aditya Singh
Department of Geography
Institute of Science
Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi-221005
Enrolment No. 412887 Exam Roll no. 22419GGR011

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DECLARATION
I, Rahul Kumar, hereby declare that this report is based on the socio-economic survey conducted by
me in the village of Tikri Varanasi in the month of August 2023.
The report presents the findings and analysis of the survey data, which covers various aspects such as
demographic profile, income and expenditure, education and health, agriculture and allied activities,
infrastructure and amenities, social and cultural issues, and problems and prospects of the village.
The report is original and authentic, and does not contain any material that has been copied or
plagiarized from any other source.
The report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MSc. in Geography
at Banaras Hindu University.
I acknowledge the guidance and support of my Teacher In charge, Prof. Narendra Kumar Rana and
Dr. Aditya Singh, and the cooperation and assistance of the villagers during the survey.
Signature: ______________________
Date: ______________________

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SUMMARY
The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed and comprehensive analysis of the socio-economic
situation and trends in Tikri village, which is located in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India.
The report is based on independent data collection and analysis, using various methods and tools to
gather both quantitative and qualitative data from the village. The report aims to assess the current status
of the village and provide useful insights for understanding the various aspects of its culture, economy
and society.
The data collection methods and tools used in the survey include structured questionnaires, interviews,
focus group discussions, participant observation and field survey. The survey covered various topics
such as demographic, economic, social and health characteristics of the village and its inhabitants.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to all those who have helped me in
completing this report.
First and foremost, I thank Teacher In charge, Prof. Narendra Kumar Rana and Dr. Aditya Singh, for
their valuable guidance, encouragement, and feedback throughout the survey process.
I also thank the faculty and staff of the Department of Geography, Institute of science B.H.U for
providing me with the necessary resources and facilities for conducting the survey.
I acknowledge the contribution of my fellow team member of Group 16, who assisted me in collecting
and analyzing the data.
I appreciate the cooperation and participation of the villagers of Tikri, who generously shared their
time, information, and opinions with me during the survey.
Lastly, I thank Supreme God Shiv for His blessings and guidance in every step of my life.
Signature: ______________________
Date: ______________________

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PREFACE
The socio-economic village survey report is a document that presents the results of a comprehensive
and systematic study of the socio-economic conditions and issues of a rural community. The report aims
to provide a detailed and holistic picture of the village, covering various aspects such as demographic
profile, income and expenditure, education and health, agriculture and allied activities, infrastructure
and amenities, social and cultural issues, and problems and prospects. The report also attempts to
identify the strengths and weaknesses of the village, as well as the opportunities and challenges that it
faces in the context of rapid urbanization and globalization.
The report is based on the primary data collected through a survey conducted in the village of Tikri in
the month of August 2023. The survey used a structured questionnaire to collect information from a
sample of 166 households. The survey also employed participatory methods such as focus group
discussions and observation to gather qualitative data and insights from the villagers. The secondary
data for the report was obtained from various sources such as census reports, district statistical
handbooks, government websites, academic journals, newspapers.
I hope that this report will contribute to a better understanding of the rural reality in India, and will
inspire further survey, research and action for the development and empowerment of the rural
communities.

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Contents
CHAPTER 1 .......................................................................................................................................
Introduction....................................................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2………………………………………………………………………………
Geography………………………………………………………………………………………….10
CHAPTER 3.......................................................................................................................................
Demographic Profile of the village .................................................................................................. 11
CHAPTER 4.......................................................................................................................................
Socio- economic profile of the village.............................................................................................. 15
CHAPTER 5 .......................................................................................................................................
Use of IT for communication or financial services ........................................................................... 41
CHAPTER 6.......................................................................................................................................
Dependence on urban centres .......................................................................................................... 44
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................... 50
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................ 52
ANNEXURE.....................................................................................................................................53

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
Socio-economic surveys are important tools for understanding the living conditions, needs, and
preferences of rural communities. They provide valuable information for planning, implementing, and
evaluating development interventions that aim to improve the quality of life and well-being of the
villagers. A socio-economic survey typically covers various aspects of the village, such as demography,
infrastructure, agriculture, income, expenditure, health, education, social capital, and governance.
This report presents the findings of a socio-economic survey conducted in Tikri in Varanasi District of
Uttar Pradesh in India. We had the opportunity to closely observe the various forms of interventions
and interactions taking place within the village and understand the impact of such interventions on the
lives of the people of the village.
The survey used a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative data collected from a
representative sample of 166 households with qualitative data gathered from focus group discussions
and key informant interviews. The report aims to provide a comprehensive and reliable picture of the
current situation and challenges faced by the villagers, as well as their aspirations and expectations for
the future. The report also identifies the potential opportunities and constraints for improving the socio-
economic outcomes of the village.
1.1 Objectives
• To collect and analyze data and information on the living conditions, needs, and preferences of
the villagers, using a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative and qualitative
techniques.
• To understand the strengths and weaknesses of the village, as well as the opportunities and
threats for its development, in various domains such as infrastructure, agriculture, income,
expenditure, health, education, social capital
• To provide a detailed and reliable overview of the current status and challenges faced by the
villagers
• To identify the potential drivers and barriers for enhancing the socio-economic outcomes and
environmental sustainability of the village.
• To provide recommendations for future actions based on the findings of the survey.

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1.2 Methodology
The objective of the survey is to assess the current socio-economic status of the villagers and identify
the major challenges and opportunities for their development and for that the survey covered a
representative sample of 166 households from the village. The survey used a combination of
quantitative and qualitative data collection tools and techniques, such as structured questionnaires,
interviews, focus group discussions, participant observation and for that field survey was conducted to
know Demographic, Economic, Social, Health Characteristics
The questionnaire was based on the research problem. The questions were objective and semi-closed,
which helped us to understand the characteristics of Tikri village such as the types of houses, the nature
of employment, the standard of living etc.
We used various tools, such as camera, audio-recorder, smart phones, etc. to record our observations.
We entered the data into SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) for better management, analysis,
and representation. We also used ARCGIS software to create the maps for the report.
Statistical tools like tables, graphs, bar charts, pie chart, percentages etc. were used to analyze the data
collected on various things like, religion, caste, sex ratio, different occupations, livestock, assets,
literacy level, Number of rooms.
1.3 Source of Data
The required data were collected from both primary source and secondary source. The primary data
were collected from direct interaction with villagers during household surveys (through questionnaire
given by college) and efforts were made to collect different information regarding social and economic
status of the villagers from all caste, and economic group. The secondary data were collected from
already existing information like articles, newspapers, websites etc.
1.4 Study Area
Tikri village is located in Varanasi tehsil of Varanasi district in Uttar Pradesh, India. It is situated 16km
away from Varanasi, which is both district & sub-district headquarter of Tikri village.
Tikri has a total population of 5,431 peoples, out of which male population is 2,830 while female
population is 2,601. Literacy rate of Tikri village is 73.31% out of which 82.39% males and 63.38%
females are literate. There are about 782 houses in Tikri village. Pincode of Tikri village locality is
221011.Varanasi is nearest town to Tikri village for all major economic activities.

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1.5 Conceptual Background of Study
Tikri is governed by a Sarpanch (village head), who is an elected representative of the village, as per
the constitution of India and the Panchayati Raaj Act.
Around 50 percent of the villages are today connected by all weather roads and can be accessed
throughout the year however the road condition of Tikri village in Varanasi is poor and unpaved. The
village has only one main road that connects it to the Pindra town, which is often dusty and bumpy.
The road is also prone to waterlogging and erosion during the rainy season, making it difficult for the
villagers to commute. The villagers have been demanding the construction of a concrete road for a
long time, but their pleas have not been heard by the authorities.
According to a report by UNICEF India, Tikri village has a low literacy rate of 73.31 %,, compared to
the national average of 77.07%. The report also states that there are many challenges faced by the
children and youth in accessing and completing education, such as poverty, gender discrimination, child
labor, migration, and lack of quality schools and teachers.
The main occupation of the villagers is agriculture, followed by animal husbandry and small shops. The
village has a primary school, a health center, a post office, and a cooperative bank. The villagers also
have access to electricity, piped water supply, and internet connectivity.
The village faces some challenges in terms of socio-economic development, such as poverty,
unemployment, lack of education, poor health care.

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CHAPTER-2
GEOGRAPHY
2.1 Location
Tikri is a village panchayat located in the Varanasi district of Uttar-Pradesh state, India.
The latitude 25.2157191 and longitude 82.9958475 are the geocoordinate of the Tikri
The surrounding nearby villages are Narottampur , Nuawn , Kurhua , Madhopur , Gajadharpur ,
Susuwahi , Balipur , Akhari , Awaleshpur , Misirpur , Chhintupur , Chitaipur , Lathia
TABLE-1: Location of village
2.2 Physiography
The total geographical area of village is 598.76 hectares. The Ganga flood plains provide fertile soil
suitable for cropping. Agriculture is one of the most practiced livelihood activities done by the
villagers due to its location near the fertile soil of Ganga river. However, these plains are prone to
recurrent floods. Western part of Ganga and northern part of the village covered by older alluvial
upland soil
2.3 Climate
Tikri village experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa) with large
variations between summer and winter temperatures. The dry summer starts in April and lasts until
June, followed by the monsoon season from July to October, making it one of the most productive
areas for rice and wheat cropping.
Village Tikri
Block Kashi Vidyapeeth
District Varanasi
State Uttar Pradesh
Country India
Continent Asia
Time Zone IST ( UTC + 05:30)
Currency
Indian Rupee (₹)
Dialing Code +91
Internet cTLD In
Language Hindi, Urdu
Latitude 25.2157191
Longitude 82.9958475

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CHAPTER - 3
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
3.1 Demography
Tikri, a large village in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, has 782 households and a population of
5431. Out of these, 2830 are male and 2601 are female, according to the Population Census 2011.
3.2 Literacy
Tikri has a higher literacy rate than Uttar Pradesh. In 2011, the literacy rate of Tikri was 73.31 %,
while the state literacy rate was 67.68 %. The male literacy rate of Tikri was 82.39 %, while the
female literacy rate was 63.38 %. The literacy gap indicates that the village has a relatively unequal
access to education for both genders.
Table-2 Tikri Village Data
Particulars Total Male Female
Total No. of Houses 782 - -
Population 5,431 2,830 2,601
Child (0-6) 800 411 389
Schedule Caste 868 458 410
Schedule Tribe 7 3 4
Literacy 73.31 % 82.39 % 63.38 %
Total Workers 1,693 1,359 334
Main Worker 1,480 - -
Marginal Worker 213 101 112
The demography of Tikri village reflects its socio-economic characteristics and challenges. The
village has a low population density, a balanced sex composition, a high proportion of young
population, a low dependency ratio, and a high literacy rate, which are positive indicators of its
development potential. However, the village also faces issues such as gender inequality in education
and lack of information about schools and hospitals, which need to be addressed for its further
progress.
The population density of the village is 6.97 persons per hectare, which is lower than the district
average of 10.54 persons per hectare.
The village has a balanced sex composition, with a sex ratio of 919 females per 1000 males, which is
higher than the state average of 912. The child sex ratio of the village is 946 girls per 1000 boys,
which is also higher than the state average of 902. The sex ratio and the child sex ratio indicate that
the village has a relatively gender-equal society.

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3.3 Religion
The village has a diverse religious composition, with Hindus being the majority, followed by Muslims
The religion of Tikri village reflects its cultural and historical background and influences its social and
political dynamics. The village has a predominant Hindu population, with a significant Muslim
minority,
Fig :-2
3.4 Social Group
The village has a diverse social composition, with Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs),
Other Backward Classes (OBCs), and General Category.
98.8
1.2
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Hindu Muslim
Percentage
of
households
Respondent religion
Respondent religion
Social group Percent
General 36.1
OBC 53.0
SC/ST 10.8

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Figure :-3
The social group of Tikri village reflects its caste and class structure and influences its economic and
political opportunities. The village has a predominant OBC population, with a significant SC minority,
and a small presence of ST and General categories. The village has a high level of social diversity,
which indicates that there is a variety of social identities and interests in the village. However, the
village may also face challenges such as caste discrimination, inequality.
3.5 Family Type
The village has a diverse family type composition, with nuclear families, joint families, and
others.
Type of family Percentage
Nuclear 53.6
Joint 43.4
Extended 3.0
36.1
53.0
10.8
SOCIAL GROUP
General OBC SC/ST

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Figure :-4
The family type of Tikri village reflects its social and cultural norms and influences its family
welfare. The village has a predominant nuclear family type, with a majority of households
consisting of a couple and their unmarried children. The village has a significant joint family
type, with a minority of households consisting of two or more married couples and their
children living together. The village has a diverse family type composition, which indicates
that there is a variety of family values and preferences in the village.
Type of Family
Nuclear Joint Extended

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CHAPTER-4
Socio-Economic Profile of Village
The village has a mixed socio-economic profile, with agriculture, labour, small buisness being the
main sources of income and occupation. The socio-economic background of Tikri village reflects its
development status and challenges. The village has a mixed income and occupation profile, with a
majority of households engaged in agriculture and labour, and a minority in trade and services.
4.1 Type of House
The village has a diverse type of houses composition, with pucca houses, semi-pucca houses, and
kutcha houses.
A pucca house is a house that is made of durable materials such as bricks, cement, concrete,
iron, etc. A semi-pucca house is a house that is made of a mix of durable and non-durable
materials such as mud, bamboo, thatch, etc. A kutcha house is a house that is made of non-
durable materials such as mud, straw, leaves, etc.
Figure :-5
The type of houses of Tikri village reflects its housing quality and affordability and
influences its health and hygiene. The village has a predominant pucca house type, with a
majority of households living in houses that are strong and resilient. The village has a
significant semi-pucca house type, with a minority of households living in houses that are
partially strong and resilient. The village has a small presence of kutcha house type, with a
minority of households living in houses that are weak and vulnerable.
4.2
5.4
24.7
65.7
Hut Kachha Semi-pucca Pucca

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4.2 Number of Rooms In House
The table below shows the distribution of households by number of rooms in house in Tikri village
Number of rooms in the
house
Social group
General OBC SC/ST
Percentage Percentage Percentage
Less than 3 13.33 39.77 55.56
Three to five 46.67 40.91 38.89
More than six 40 19.32 5.56
The number of rooms in house of Tikri village reflects its housing space and comfort and influences
its privacy and dignity. The village has a predominant two rooms house type, with a majority of
households living in houses that have two separate rooms for living and sleeping. The village has a
significant one room and three rooms house type, with a minority of households living in houses that
have either one room for all purposes or three rooms for more space and comfort. The village has a
small presence of four or more rooms house type, with a minority of households living in houses that
have ample space and comfort.The village has a low average number of rooms per household, which
indicates that there is a high level of congestion and crowding in the village. The village has a diverse
number of rooms in house composition, which indicates that there is a variety of housing standards
and preferences in the village. However, the village may also face challenges such as housing
inadequacy, lack of ventilation, and lack of sanitation, which need to be addressed for its
improvement and development.
4.3 Separate Kitchen in House
The village has a diverse separate kitchen composition, with households having a separate kitchen,
households not having a separate kitchen, and households having no cooking arrangement.

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Figure :-6
Table-3
Social group-wise distribution of household having separate room for kitchen
Separate room for kitchen Social group
General OBC SC/ST
Yes 89.8 59.0 57
No 10.2 41.0 43
Separate Kitchen in House
Yes No

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Figure:-7
The separate kitchen of Tikri village reflects its cooking facility and hygiene and influences its health
and safety. The village has a predominant separate kitchen type, with many of households cooking in
the same room where they live or sleep. The village has a significant separate kitchen type, with a
minority of households having a separate room for cooking. The village has a small presence of no
cooking type, with a minority of households having no cooking arrangement at all.
The village has a high level of access to separate kitchen. The village has a diverse separate kitchen
composition, which indicates that there is a variety of cooking needs and preferences in the village.
However, the village may also face challenges such as lack of ventilation, lack of fuel, and lack of
nutrition,
4.5 Fuel Used
The main sources of fuel used by the households are biomass, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and
electricity.
The main problems faced by the households in using biomass are smoke, health hazards, and
deforestation. The main problems faced by the households in using LPG are high cost, irregular
supply, and safety issues. The main problems faced by the households in using electricity are power
cuts, voltage fluctuations, and high tariffs.
89.8
59.0 57.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
General OBC SC/ST
Percentage
of
having
separate
room
for
kitchen
Social group
Social group-wise distribution of household having
separate room for kitchen

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Fuel use in the Household
Figure:-8
Table-4
General OBC SC/ST
Electricity 3.5 3.6 0.0
LPG/Natural gas 96.6 55.4 64.3
Wood 0.0 21.7 28.6
Agricultural crop waste 0.0 1.2 0.0
Dung cakes 0.0 18.1 7.1
Social group-wise percentage distribution of fuel used in the household
Social group
Fuel use
Fuel use in the household Percentage
Electricity 3.2
LPG/Natural gas 71.6
Wood 14.2
Agricultural crop waste 0.7
Dung cakes 10.3

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Figure:-9
The table shows that LPG/NATURAL GAS is the most common fuel used by all the social groups,
followed by Wood and Dung Cakes. However, there are some variations among the groups in terms of
their fuel preferences. For example, General households have the highest percentage of LPG users
(96.6%), while OBC households have the lowest (55.4%). Similarly, OBC households have the
highest percentage of Dung cakes users (12.4%), while General households have the lowest (0.0%).
The percentage of other fuels, such as kerosene, coal, dung cake, etc., is very low for all the groups.
The reasons for these variations can be attributed to several factors, such as income level, availability
of fuel, awareness of health and environmental issues, government policies and subsidies, etc. For
instance, General households have higher income and education levels than other groups, which
enable them to afford and access LPG cylinders more easily. They are also more aware of the health
and environmental benefits of using clean fuels over traditional ones. On the other hand, OBC and ST
households have lower income and education levels than other groups, which limit their ability and
willingness to switch to LPG or other alternatives. They are also more dependent on forest resources
for their livelihoods, which provide them with free and abundant firewood.
The fuel choice of the villagers has significant implications for their well-being and development. On
one hand, using firewood and crop residue can cause indoor air pollution, respiratory diseases, eye
infections, etc., especially for women and children who spend more time in the kitchen. It can also
contribute to deforestation, soil erosion, biodiversity loss, etc., which affect the ecological balance and
sustainability of the region. On the other hand, using LPG and other clean fuels can reduce these
negative impacts and improve the quality of life and health of the villagers. It can also save time and
3.5 3.6
96.6
55.4 64.3
21.7
28.6
1.2
18.1
7.1
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
General OBC SC/ST
Percentage
of
fuel
used
Social group
Social group-wise percentage distribution of fuel used in
Household
Electricity LPG/Natural gas Wood Agricultural crop waste Dung cakes

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labor for collecting and preparing firewood and crop residue, which can be used for other productive
activities. Therefore, it is important to promote the adoption of clean and efficient fuels among the
villagers of Tikri Varanasi by addressing the barriers and challenges they face in doing so.
Some of the possible measures are:
• Providing subsidies and incentives for LPG cylinders and stoves to make them more affordable
and accessible for low-income households.
• Creating awareness and education campaigns on the health and environmental benefits of using
clean fuels over traditional ones.
• Providing alternative sources of income and livelihoods for those who depend on firewood and
crop residue collection.
• Encouraging the use of improved cookstoves that reduce fuel consumption and smoke
emission.
• Supporting community-based initiatives that involve local participation and ownership in
managing fuel resources.
By implementing these measures, the social group-wise percentage distribution of fuel used in the
household of Tikri Varanasi can be improved and made more equitable and sustainable.
4.6 Water Unavailibility in the last two weeks
Water is a basic necessity for life and well-being, and its scarcity can cause many problems and
hardships. There can be many reasons for water unavailability, such as drought, climate change,
population growth, pollution, mismanagement, etc
Figure:-10
Water unavailibility in the last two weeks
Yes No

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FIGURE:-11
The Graph shows that Piped into dwelling is the most common source of drinking water for all the
social groups, followed by tap and Tube well.The percentage of other sources, such as protected well,
pond, tank, etc., is very low for all the groups.
The reasons for these variations can be attributed to several factors, such as income level, availability
of water, quality of water, awareness of health and sanitation issues, government policies and
schemes, etc. For instance, GC households have higher income and education levels than other
groups, which enable them to afford and access tap water more easily. They are also more aware of
the health and sanitation benefits of using piped water over groundwater or surface water sources. On
the other hand, ST households have lower income and education levels than other groups, which limit
their ability and willingness to switch to tap water or other alternatives. They are also more dependent
on natural resources for their livelihoods, which provide them with free and abundant hand pump or
well water.
Main source of drinking water in the household Percentage
Piped into dwelling 41.0
Piped into yard/plot 11.5
Piped into neighbour 3.2
Public tap / standpipe 27.6
Tubewell or borehole 12.8
Protected well 1.3
Cart with small tank 0.6
Others 1.9
0.6
41.0
11.5
3.2
27.6
12.8
1.3 0.6 1.9
Piped into dwelling Piped into yard/plot Piped into neighbour Public tap / standpipe
Tubewell or borehole Protected well Cart with small tank Others

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The source of drinking water of the villagers has significant implications for their well-being and
development. On one hand, using hand pump or well water can cause water-borne diseases, such as
diarrhea, typhoid, cholera, etc., especially for children and elderly people who have weaker immune
systems. It can also contribute to groundwater depletion, contamination, and salinity, which affect the
agricultural productivity and sustainability of the region. On the other hand, using tap water can
reduce these negative impacts and improve the quality of life and health of the villagers. It can also
save time and labor for fetching and carrying water from distant sources. Therefore, it is important to
promote the adoption of safe and reliable sources of drinking water among the villagers of Tikri
4.7 Source of lighting
The table shows that electricity is the most common source of lighting for all the social groups,
followed by kerosene . However, there are some variations among the groups in terms of their lighting
preferences.
FIGURE:-12
The source of lighting of the villagers has significant implications for their well-being and
development. On one hand, using electricity can improve the quality of life and productivity of the
villagers, as it can provide them with better illumination, comfort, convenience, security,
communication, entertainment, etc. It can also reduce the health risks associated with kerosene or
other sources, such as fire hazards, eye irritation, respiratory problems, etc. On the other hand, using
kerosene or other sources can cause many problems and hardships for the villagers, such as poor
lighting quality, high cost, low availability, pollution, etc. Therefore it is important to promote the
adoption of reliable and efficient sources of lighting among the villagers of Tikri
Main source of lighting in the household
Kerosene lamp Electricity

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4.8 Types of Toilet Facility
The village is part of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Gramin, which is a national campaign to
improve sanitation and hygiene in rural areas. One of the main objectives of the campaign is to ensure
that every household has access to a toilet facility and uses it regularly
Figure:-13
The data indicate that Tikri is a model village for sanitation and hygiene in rural India. The village has
successfully implemented the SBM Gramin campaign and achieved remarkable results in terms of
toilet coverage and usage. The village has also adopted the most suitable type of toilet facility for its
geographical and socio-economic conditions. The village can serve as an example and inspiration for
other villages in India to improve their sanitation and hygiene standards.
Type of toilet facility
Own and within premises Shared Open air defecation
Own and within premises 100.0 75.0 66.7
Shared 0.0 6.8 11.1
Open air defecation 0.0 18.2 22.2
Social group-wise type of toilet facility in the household
General OBC SC/ST
Social group
Type of toilet facility

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Figure:-14
The village has a significant gap in the availability of toilet facility among different social groups. The
general category households, which constitute 36.1% of the total households, have a higher
percentage of toilet facility (100%) than the OBC households, which constitute (53.0 %) of the total
households, and have a lower percentage of toilet facility (75.0%).
4.9 Bathroom Facility
Tikri is a village in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India, where most of the households have access
to a bathroom within their premise. Total households in the village, (65.7%) have a bathroom within
their premise, while (18.7 %) have a bathroom in open and (15.7%) have bathroom but not enclosed.
None of the households have no bathroom facility. This indicates that the village has made some
progress in improving the sanitation and hygiene conditions of its residents, but still has room for further
improvement. Tikri is a village in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India, where most of the households
have access to a bathroom within their premise.
Figure:-15
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
General OBC SC/ST
BATHROOM FACILITY
Own and within premises Shared Open air defecation
Type of bathroom facility
Open Enclosed space without cover Bathroom (within premises)

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4.10 Drainage
Type of drainage facility Percentage
Closed drainage 55.4
Open drainage 30.7
Drain to soak pit 5.4
No drainage 8.4
Figure:-16
The village does not have a well-designed and maintained drainage system to collect and dispose of
wastewater and stormwater. The existing drains are open, narrow, shallow, and often clogged with solid
waste and silt. This causes flooding, waterlogging, and contamination of surface and groundwater
sources.The villagers have low awareness and knowledge about the importance of water conservation
and hygiene practices. They also have low participation and involvement in the planning,
implementation, and maintenance of water and sanitation facilities. There is a lack of community
ownership and responsibility for the existing infrastructure.
The current status of drainage facility in Tikri is poor and inadequate. The survey and observation
states that:
• Only 55.4% of the village area is covered by the existing drainage system, which is mostly
open and unlined.
• The drainage system is frequently blocked by solid waste, silt, and vegetation, resulting in
overflowing and backflow of wastewater and stormwater.
• The drainage system is not connected to any treatment facility or disposal site, leading to
pollution and health risks for the villagers and the environment.
DRAINAGE
Closed drainage Open drainage Drain to soak pit No drainage

28
SOCIAL GROUP-WISE TYPE OF DRAINAGE FACILITY IN THE
HOUSEHOLD
TYPE OF
DRAINAGE
FACILITY
Social group
General OBC SC/ST
CLOSED
DRAINAGE
88.3 37.5 33.3
OPEN DRAINAGE 6.7 44.3 44.4
DRAIN TO SOAK
PIT
5.0 5.7 5.6
NO DRAINAGE 0.0 12.5 16.7
The following graph shows the percentage distribution of the households by social group
Figure:-17
The graph reveals that:
The majority of the households in Tikri Varanasi have closed drainage as their drainage facility, The
SC and ST households have the lowest access to closed drainage facility, which reflects their socio-
economic disadvantage and marginalization in the village. Others households have the highest access
to closed and lined drainage facility, which suggests their relative affluence and privilege in the
village.
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Closed drainage Open drainage Drain to soak pit No drainage
Social group-wise type of drainage facility in the
household
General OBC SC/ST

29
4.11 Household Amenities
Figure:-18
The table reveals that:
• The households in Tikri Varanasi have least hand pump as their source of drinking water,
which indicates of piped water supply in the village.
• The majority of the households in Tikri Varanasi have pressure cooker as their kitchen
appliance, which indicates a high preference and usage of this device for cooking food in the
village.
• Only a few households in Tikri Varanasi have generator as their electrical appliance, which
indicates a low level of power backup and reliability in the village.
86.1
62.8
23.7
84.9
6.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Pressure cooker Gas stove Hand pump Clock or watch Generator
Percentage
of
having
amenties
Household amenities

30
4.12 Types of Transportation
S
Figure:-19
The graph reveals that:
• The majority of the households in Tikri village use non-motorized transport, such as bicycle
which indicates a low level of mobility and accessibility in the village.
• The minority of the households in Tikri village use private transport, such
as cars, motorcycles, and scooters, which indicates a low level of affordability and availability
of these vehicles in the village.
• Some households in Tikri village do not use any transport, which indicates a high level of
isolation and hardship in the village.
80.7
69.9
13.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Cycle Motorcycle Four wheeler
Percentage
of
having
type
of
transportation
Type of transportation

31
Social Group-wise distribution of types of transport
Figure:-20
The table shows the percentage of households in three social groups: General, OBC, and SC/ST, that
have three types of transportation: Cycle, Motorcycle, and Four-wheeler.
The SC/ST households have the highest access to cycle, which indicates their low level of income and
affordability in the village. The General households have the highest access to motorcycle and four
wheeler, which indicates their high level of income and mobility in the village.The OBC households
have the moderate access to all three types of transportation, which indicates their medium level of
income and accessibility in the village.The cycle is the most common type of transportation among all
social groups, which indicates its low cost and convenience in the village. The four- wheeler is the least
common type of transportation among all social groups, which indicates its high cost and rarity in the
village. Motorcycle is more common among the General households than the other two social groups,
which indicates its high utility and preference in the village.
The conclusion that can be drawn from the table is that there is a significant gap and disparity in the
access and ownership of transportation among different social groups in Tikri Varanasi. This gap reflects
the socio-economic inequality and discrimination that exists in the village. There is a need to improve
the transport infrastructure and facilities for the marginalized and disadvantaged social groups in the
village.
68.3
87.5 88.9
81.7
65.9
50.0
27.1
4.8 7.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
General OBC SC/ST
Social group
Percentage
of
having
transportation
Cycle Motorcycle Four wheeler

32
4.13 Electronic Items
Figure:-21
The table shows the percentage of households in three social groups: General, OBC, and SC/ST, that
have three types of electronic items: Television, Computer/Laptop, and Refrigerator.
The General households have the highest access to all three electronic items, which indicates their
high level of income and education in the village. The OBC households have the moderate access to
all three electronic items, which indicates their medium level of income and education in the village.
The SC/ST households have the lowest access to all three electronic items, which indicates their low
level of income and education in the village. The Television is the most common electronic item
among all social groups, which indicates its high demand and popularity in the village. The
Computer/Laptop is the least common electronic item among all social groups, which indicates its low
availability and affordability in the village. The Refrigerator is more common among the General
households than the other two social groups, which indicates its high utility and preference in the
village.
General OBC SC/ST
Television 95.0 63.6 50.0
Computer/Laptop 36.7 10.2 11.1
Refridgerator 85.0 34.1 22.2
Social group
Electronic items
Social group-wise distribution of household having electronic item
8.4
94.0
73.5
32.5
5.4
19.9
51.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Percentage
of
having
electronic
item
Electronic items

33
Social Group-wise distribution of household having electronic item
Figure:-22
4.14 Livelihood of Household
Figure:-23
The conclusion that can be drawn from the table is that there is a significant gap and disparity in the
sources and levels of livelihood among different social groups in Tikri Varanasi. This gap reflects the
socio-economic inequality and discrimination that exists in the village. There is a need to improve the
95.0
63.6
50.0
36.7
10.2 11.1
85.0
34.1
22.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
General OBC SC/ST
Percentage
of
having
electronic
item
Social group
Television Computer/Laptop Refridgerator
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Percentage
Social group-wise distribution of source of livelihood of
household
General OBC SC/ST

34
livelihood opportunities and security for the marginalized and disadvantaged social groups in the
village.
4.15 Land Ownership
There is a significant gap and disparity in the land
ownership status among the households in Tikri
Varanasi. This gap reflects the socio-economic
inequality and discrimination that exists in the
village. There is a need to improve the land
distribution and tenure security for the marginalized
and disadvantaged households in the village
.
Figure:24
Figure:-25
Social group-wise distribution of land ownership
Land ownership Social group
General OBC SC/ST
Yes 81.7 43.2 22.2
No 18.3 56.8 77.8
There is a significant variation in land ownership across different social groups.
• The general category has the highest percentage of land owners (81.7%), followed by the
OBC category (43.2%), and the SC/ST category (22.2%).
• The SC/ST category has the highest percentage of landless people (77.8%), followed by the
OBC category (56.8%), and the general category (18.3%).
• The difference between the general and the SC/ST categories is 59.5 percentage points, which
is very large and indicates a huge disparity in land ownership between these two groups.
LAND OWNERSHIP
Land Ownership Yes No
81.7
43.2
22.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
General OBC SC/ST
Percentage
of
land
ownership
Social group

35
• The difference between the OBC and the SC/ST categories is 21 percentage points, which is
also significant and shows a gap in land ownership between these two groups.
• The difference between the general and the OBC categories is 38.5 percentage points, which
is considerable and reflects a difference in land ownership between these two groups.
4.15 Land Cultivation
Self-cultivation is the most common type of land use, followed by given on lease, self and
given on lease, and self and shared cropping. There is a diversity of land use patterns among
the respondents, reflecting their different access to resources and opportunities which is
shown by graph below
Figure:-26
4.16 Agriculture Equipment
• The percentage of having agricultural equipment is low among the respondents, ranging
from 5.5% to 20.3%.
• The most common agricultural equipment owned by the respondents
is plough/hal/tiller (20.3%), which is used for tilling the soil and preparing it for sowing seeds
or planting crops.
• The least common agricultural equipment owned by the respondents is rotavator (5.5%),
which is a tractor-mounted implement that cuts, mixes, and levels the soil in a single pass.
• The other agricultural equipment owned by the respondents are tractor (17.2%), which is used
for pulling or pushing heavy loads or implements; fodder cutter (13.8%), which is used for
chopping green or dry fodder for livestock feeding; tube well (11.7%), which is used for
extracting groundwater for irrigation or domestic use; thresher (9.4%), which is used for
separating grains from stalks or husks; sprayer (7.0%), which is used for applying pesticides,
Land Cultivation
Self Given on lease self and given on lease self and shared cropping

36
herbicides, or fertilizers to crops; and harvester (6.3%), which is used for harvesting crops
such as wheat, rice, or corn.
This suggests that there is a low level of mechanization and modernization in the agricultural sector
among the respondents, and they may face challenges in increasing their productivity and efficiency.
Following Bar Graph state data more clearly
Figure:-27
There is a huge variation in the percentage of household having tractor across different social groups.
• Yes means that the household owns a tractor, which is a machine that can pull or push heavy
loads or implements. A tractor can help the land owner to plow their land faster and easier,
and also to transport their produce to the market. This can result in higher income and
productivity, but also need higher costs of maintenance and fuel.
• No means that the household does not own a tractor, which means they rely on other or rent
tractor for plowing their land. This can result in lower income and productivity, but there is no
expenditure also lower costs of maintenance and fuel.
• The percentage of household having tractor varies across different social groups, reflecting
their different access to resources and opportunities.
The following Line Chart shows this clearly.
17.2
20.3
9.4
11.7
13.8
6.3
5.5
7.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
Percentage
of
having
agricultural
equipment
Agricultural equipment

37
Figure:-28
4.17 Food Items
The table shows the percentage of households in the village who usually purchase different
food items from the market or other sources.
Overall, the survey shows that daal, vegetables, and fruits are highly popular and commonly
purchased food items among the respondents, while sugar and milk products also have high purchase
rates. Rice/wheat and cooking fats (oil and ghee) are purchased by a significant portion of the
respondents but to a slightly lesser extent. 89.8% of the population purchase daal, while 89.7% of the
population purchases vegetables from the market. 98.9% of the population purchases sugar followed
by other basic food items.
4.18 Availability of Services
Below Poverty Line (BPL) is an economic benchmark used by the government of India to indicate
economic disadvantage and to identify individuals and households in need of government assistance
and aid. BPL card is a type of ration card which is allocated to people whose overall income falls
under the Below Poverty Line category, as per the Indian government regulations. The BPL card is
issued by the respective state governments. With the help of this card, qualifying households can buy
food grains at subsidized rates according to the National Food Security Act 2013
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
General OBC SC/ST
Social group
Social group-wise percentage of household having tractor
Social group-wise percentage of household having tractor Yes
Social group-wise percentage of household having tractor No
Food items Percentage of usually purchase
Rice/wheat 58.4
Daal 89.8
Vegetables 89.7
Milk and its products 56.6
Fruits 87.4
Sugar 98.8
Oil and ghee 83.1

38
Figure:-29
• The majority of the members have a bank account, with 94.2% of them saying yes and
only 5.8% saying no. This means that most of the members have access to formal financial
services and can save, borrow, or transfer money through their accounts.
• The availability of health insurance or scheme is very low among the members, with
only 26.5% of them saying yes and 73.5% saying no. This means that most of the members
are vulnerable to health shocks and may face difficulties in paying for medical expenses or
accessing quality health care.
• The proportion of households having a BPL (below poverty line) card is also low, with
only 21.8% of them saying yes and 78.2% saying no.
This means that most of the households are not eligible for various government schemes and
subsidies that are meant for the poor and marginalized sections of the society.
94.2
26.5
21.8
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Member having bank
account
Covered by health
insurance/scheme
Household have BPL card
Percentage
of
having
services
Services
Availability of services Yes No
Member having bank account 94.2 5.8
Covered by health
insurance/scheme
26.5 73.5
Household have BPL card 21.8 78.2

39
Figure:-30
The social group-wise distribution of household having BPL card shows that there is a significant
difference among the three groups: General, OBC, and SC/ST.
This suggests that SC/ST households are more likely to be below the poverty line compared to OBC
and General households.
The Ujjawala yojana is a scheme for providing free LPG connections to women from BPL
households. The scheme aims to empower women and protect their health by reducing the use of
unclean cooking fuels such as wood, coal, dung cakes and kerosene. The scheme also provides
employment opportunities for rural youth in the supply chain of cooking gas. The data shows that
only a quarter of the surveyed beneficiaries, who mostly belong to the BPL (Below Poverty Line)
category, have received an LPG connection through this scheme. The rest of the three-quarters have
not been able to access this benefit. There is a huge gap between the beneficiaries and the non-
beneficiaries.
Figure:-30
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
120.0
General OBC SC/ST
Percentage
Social Group
Social group-wise distribution of household
having BPL card
Yes No
LPG connection to BPL women under Ujjawala
Yojana

40
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is a national mission for financial inclusion that aims to
provide access to basic banking services, such as savings accounts, remittance, credit, insurance and
pension, to every household in India.
Figure:-31
The survey results show that only 23.0% of the respondents have opened accounts under the Pradhan
Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), while the remaining 77.0% do not have any accounts under this
scheme. The PMJDY is an initiative by the Indian government to ensure that everyone can avail the
benefits of banking facilities, such as zero balance accounts, insurance and pension. The gap between
the account holders and non-holders of PMJDY is very large.
The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the socio-economic profile of the study area. It
delves into the living standards of various households, the amenities available to the village
population, and takes into consideration the facilities accessed by different social groups.
Any member having account under PMJY*
Yes No

41
CHAPTER-5
Use of IT
The use of information technology (IT) for communication and financial services has become an
integral part of the rural development in India. IT enables the villagers to access various information,
education, entertainment, business and government services through mobile phones, internet and
digital payment methods. IT also empowers the villagers to participate in the digital economy and
improve their livelihoods. In this essay, I will discuss how the use of IT for communication and
financial services is reflected in Tikri village survey reports
5.1 Communication
The village has a good network coverage of mobile services. Most of the villagers have mobile
phones and some have smartphones with internet access.
Figure:-32
Communication Facility
no facility landline Mobile

42
5.2 Internet Facility
The internet facility in Tikri village is limited and unevenly distributed among the different social
groups.
Figure:-33
The social group-wise distribution of household having internet connection in Tikri village shows that
there is a significant gap between the different social groups. The general category households have
the highest percentage of internet connection (83.3%), followed by the OBC category households
(67.1%), and the SC/ST category households have the lowest percentage of internet connection
(55.6%).
Social group-wise distribution of household having internet connection
Household have internet connection Social group
General OBC SC/ST
Yes 83.3 67.1 55.6
No 16.7 33.0 44.4
Household Having Internet Connection
Yes No

43
Figure:-34
This indicates that there is a digital divide in the village based on the social status and economic
condition of the households. The lack of internet access may affect the education, health, employment,
and empowerment opportunities of the disadvantaged groups. Therefore, it is important to improve
the internet infrastructure and affordability in the village and to promote digital literacy and inclusion
among all the social groups.
5.3 Use of Mobile Phone for Transaction
Use of mobile phone for transaction is one of the aspects of socio-economic village survey of Tikri,
Varanasi.
The table shows the percentage of households in Tikri village that use mobile phone for financial
transaction and graph shows how frequently they use mobile phone for transaction
Using mobile phone for financial transaction
Yes 50.9 84
No 49.1 81
83.3
67.1
55.6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
General OBC SC/ST
Percentage
of
household
having
internet
connection
Social group

44
Figure:-35
Social group-wise distribution of household using mobile phone for financial transaction
Using mobile phone for financial transaction Social group
General OBC SC/ST
Yes 66.7 44.8 27.8
No 33.3 55.2 72.2
The table shows that there is a significant difference between the two social groups in terms of using
mobile phone for financial transaction. The general category households have a higher percentage of
using mobile phone for financial transaction (66.7%) than the OBC category households (44.8%).
This indicates that there is a gap in the financial inclusion and literacy of the different social groups in
the village. The gap may be due to various factors such as income, education, awareness, trust,
security, etc.
42.9
6.2
5.0
13.0
32.9
Frequency of using mobile phone for transaction
Never Rarely Monthly Weekly Daily

45
CHAPTER-6
DEPENDENCY ON URBAN CENTRES
The urban centers near the village provide various facilities that the villagers
depend on, such as selling their crops, accessing education and health care,
using banking or insurance services, and pursuing better education
opportunities.
6.1 Agriculture Input and Produce
The agricultural sector is one of the most important sources of livelihood and income for the rural
population in India. However, the farmers often face various challenges and constraints in accessing
quality and affordable inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation, machinery, etc. These
inputs are essential for enhancing the productivity and profitability of agriculture. Therefore, it is
important to understand the extent of dependence of the farmers on the city for obtaining these inputs
and the factors that influence their choice and availability.
Figure:-36
The survey results show that the farmers have different levels of dependency on the city for
agricultural input. Only a small fraction of the respondents (18.1%) admit that they are highly
dependent on the city, while almost half of them (43.4%) claim that they do not rely on the city at all.
The rest of the respondents have varying degrees of dependence on the city for their input needs
The dependency on urban centre for agricultural products is a measure of how much the rural
population relies on the urban market for their agricultural needs.

46
Figure:-37
Half of the respondents (50.6%) are independent of urban centers for their livestock purchase/sale,
while the rest have different levels of reliance on them.
6.2 Livestock purchase/Sale
The survey results reveal that the farmers have different levels of reliance on the city for livestock
purchase/sale. Nearly half of the respondents (50.6%) say that they do not depend on the city at all,
while the rest of them have varying degrees of reliance on the city for their livestock transactions.
Figure:-38
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Not at all Negligible Some extent Larger extent Fully agree
Extent of dependence: Livestock purchase/sale

47
6.3 Livestock Product Sale
The dependency on urban centre for livestock products sale is an indicator of how much the rural
producers depend on the urban market for their income from livestock products.
Figure:-39
The urban centres are not the main source of income for most of the population from livestock
product sale. Only a small fraction of 7.2% depends largely on the urban market, while 11.4%
depends entirely on it. The majority of 55.4% does not rely on the urban centres at all for selling their
livestock products.
6.4 Livestock Veterinary Services
Urban centers are not the main source of livestock veterinary services for almost half of the
population (48.8%), while the rest depend on them to varying extent
Figure:-40

48
6.5 Health Care Services
Only a small fraction of 7.8% does not need
urban centers for their healthcare and medical
purchases, while a large proportion of 36.7%
agrees strongly that they are highly reliant on
them
Figure:-41
6.6 Education
Figure:-42
The Pie chart shows the extent of dependence on urban centers for education (stationery,
school/college/tuition) among the surveyed population. The table has four categories: not at all,
negligible, some extent, and larger extent. The table also shows the frequency and percentage of
respondents in each category.
According to the Pie chart, the most common category is larger extent, with 35 respondents (21%)
indicating that they depend on urban centers for education to a larger extent. This means that they rely
Education

49
on urban centers for most of their educational needs, such as stationery, school/college/tuition fees,
books, etc.
The second most common category is some extent, with 29 respondents (17.5%) indicating that they
depend on urban centers for education to some extent. This means that they rely on urban centers for
some of their educational needs, but not all.
The third most common category is negligible, with 25 respondents (15.1%) indicating that they
depend on urban centers for education to a negligible extent. This means that they rely on urban
centers for very few of their educational needs, and mostly use local resources.
The least common category is not at all, with 27 respondents (16.3%) indicating that they do not
depend on urban centers for education at all. This means that they do not use any urban resources for
their educational needs, and are completely self-reliant or use alternative sources.
The Pie chart suggests that the majority of the surveyed population (38.5%) depends on urban centers
for education to a larger or some extent, while a minority (31.4%) depends on urban centers for
education to a negligible or not at all extent. This indicates that urban centers play an important role in
providing educational opportunities and resources for the rural population. However, it also implies
that there may be gaps and challenges in accessing quality and affordable education in rural areas.
6.7 Bank
Figure:-43
The Pie chart suggests that the majority of the surveyed population (78.3%) depends on urban centers
for banking services to a larger, some or full extent, while a minority (21.7%) depends on urban
centers for banking services to a negligible or not at all extent. This indicates that urban centers play a
vital role in providing financial services and opportunities for the rural population. However, it also
implies that there may be barriers and challenges in accessing quality and affordable banking services
in rural areas.
BANK

50
CONCLUSION
This study explores the various aspects of rural life in Tikri, a village near Varanasi, and how they are
influenced by urbanisation and technology. The study reveals the diversity and complexity of village
life, as well as the interdependence and integration of rural and urban areas.
The following points summarise the main findings of the study:
• Tikri village has a simple and peaceful lifestyle, but also faces challenges such as poverty,
unemployment, low education, and poor health care. The villagers have different sources of
income and access to facilities, which reflect their socioeconomic conditions. The government
has taken some steps to improve the quality of life in the village, but more efforts are needed
to address the gaps and inequalities.
• Tikri village has adopted information technology (IT) in various domains, such as
communication, business, banking, and health care. Mobile phones and internet connectivity
have become essential for the villagers, who use them for various purposes, such as staying in
touch with relatives in cities, accessing information, and availing services. However, there are
also digital divides among different social groups, which require digital inclusion and literacy
initiatives.
• Tikri village depends on urban centres for many needs and opportunities, such as
employment, education, health care, and markets. The city of Varanasi has a significant
impact on the village life, as it provides various facilities and services that the village lacks or
has limited access to. The rapid growth of the city, the improvement of communication and
transportation infrastructure, and the government policies all affect the degree and nature of
dependence of the village on the city.
• Tikri village has a diverse population in terms of age, gender, social groups, and religious
preferences. The majority of the households are nuclear families, but there are also some joint
and extended families. Most of the villagers have a strong attachment to the land, as they have
been living in the village for generations.

51
REFRENCES
o Census of India. (2011). District Census Handbook: Varanasi. Directorate of Census
Operations, Uttar Pradesh, https://censusindia.gov.in/
o Survey of India. https://onlinemaps.surveyofindia.gov.in/#
o Jodhka, S. S. (2019). India’s Villages in the 21st Century: Revisits and Revisions.
Oxford University Press, USA.
.

52
ANNEXURE
Figure:44 Tikri Village Entry Point Figure:45 Higher Secondary School
Figure:46 Temple

53
Figure :-47 Animal Husbandry
Figure:-48 Livestock

HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULE
Schedule No. ……………..
Socioeconomic Survey of a Peri-urban Village of Varanasi City
Department of Geography
Institute of Science
Banaras Hindu University
Varanasi-221005
M.A./M.Sc. II Semester, Paper: GRM 203: Village Survey: Instrumental and Socio-Economic
Course supervising faculty members:
Prof. N.K. Rana and Dr. Aditya Singh
Note
Information contained in the schedule is strictly confidential and to be used only for research
purpose
[The main objective of the survey is to train the Post Graduate students of Geography
Department (BHU) to conduct socio-economic survey and expose them to the village
environment. In this course, students will study the transformations occurring in the villages
located near Varanasi city due to rapid urbanization, revolution in transport and communication
and structural adjustment programmes. They will also study how and to what extent various
sections of society in the village depend on nearby market centres and Varanasi city for meeting
their livelihood needs.]

Name of the head of the household…………………………………………………………
Name of the respondent-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Age ……..
Sex M/F
Relationship to the head of the household ………………………………………..………..
Religion Hindu………………………………………….….1
Muslim…………………………………………...2
Others (Specify)………………………………….9
Social group General…………………………….……………..1
Other Backward Caste…………….……………..2
Scheduled Caste………………….………………3
Scheduled Tribe…………………….……………4
Type of the family Nuclear………………………….……………….1
Joint…………………………….………………..2
Extended……………………….………………..3
Number of years since your family is living
in this village Less than 10 years……………….………………1
10 to 20 years………………….………………...2
20 to 40 years……………….…………………...3
Since many generations…………….…………...4
Q.1 Type of house (by observation only)
Hut…................................................1
Kachcha............................................2
Semi-Pucca.......................................3
Pucca................................................4
Q.2 How many rooms are there in your house?
Q.3
Do you have separate room for cooking in your
house?
Yes…………………………..……..1
No………………………..………...2
Q.4
Does the room used for cooking have any
ventilation?
Yes…………………………..……..1
No………………………..………...2
Q.5
Usually what type of fuel (MAIN) do you use for
your cooking?
Electricity ……………………..…..1
LPG/natural gas …………………...2
Biogas ……………………………..3
Kerosene …………………………..4
Coal/lignite/ Charcoal ……………..5
Wood ………………………………6
Straw/shrubs/grass …………………7
Agricultural crop waste ……………8
Dung cakes …………………………9
No food cooked in household ……. 95
Other (specify) ……………………..96
Q.6
What is the main source of drinking water in your
house?
Piped water
Piped into dwelling ………………… 1
Piped to yard/plot ……………………2
Piped to neighbour …………….…….3
Public tap/standpipe ………………... 4

Tube well or borehole ……..……… 5
Dug well
Protected well . . . . . ………. . . . . . . . 6
Unprotected well . . . ……… . . . . . . . 7
Water from spring
Protected spring . . . . ……... . . . . . . . 8
Unprotected spring . . …….. . . . . . . . 9
Rainwater . . . . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . 10
Tanker truck . . . . . . . . . . . …… . . . .11
Cart with small tank . . . . . ….... . . . .12
Surface water (river/dam/
Lake/pond/stream/canal/
Irrigation channel) . . . . . . . . . …13
Bottled water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Community RO plant . . . . . . . . . ..15
Other (specify)………………….96
Q.7
(Check Q.5, if any of the 1,2,3,4,5 circled. If yes,
ask) In the past two weeks, was the water from this
source not available for at least one full day?
Yes…………………………..….1
No……………………….……..2
Q.8 What is the main source of lighting in your house?
Kerosene lamp……….….…..…1
Electricity……………..…….…2
Generator…………….………..3
Solar………………....………..4
Gas………………………...….5
Others (Specify)…………...….6
Q.9 What type of toilet facility do you use?
Own………………………..….1
Own within premise…..……....2
Shared…………………………3
Open-air defecation…......…….4
Q.10 What type of bathroom facility do you use?
Open………………………….1
Enclosed space without cover..2
Bathroom (within premises) ....3
Q.11
What type of drainage facility does your household
have? (Where does the waste water of your
household go?)
Closed drainage……………….1
Open drainage . . . . . . . . . . . …2
Drain to soak pit . . . . . . . . . ….3
No drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Q.12 Do you own a mobile or landline connection?
No facility………………...…...a
Landline…………………...…..b
Mobile ……………………...…c
Both……………………...……d
Q.13 Do you have any livestock?
Yes……………………………..1
No………………………….…..2
Q.14 If yes, what type of livestock do you have?
Buffalo…………….…………..a
Cow……………….…………..b
Ox…………………………….c
Goat…………………………..d
others (specify)……………….f
Q.15 What are the items your household possess?
Pressure cooker………………a
Gas stove……………………..b
Hand pump…………………...c
Clock or watch……………….d

Cycle…………………………e
Motorcycle…………………...f
Three-wheeler………………..g
Four-wheeler…………………h
Generator……………………..i
ELECTRONIC GOODS
Radio / transistor……………..j
An electric fan…….…………k
T.V…………………………...l
Sewing machine………….…m
DVD player…………………n
Computer/laptop………….…o
Refrigerator…………….……p
Other………………….……..q
Q.16
What is/are the source/s of livelihood of your
family?
Agriculture………………a
Agricultural labourer……b
Non-agri. Labour…………c
Artisan…………………..d
Remittances……………..e
Small business…….…….f
Other (specify)….……….z
Q.17 Do you own any agricultural land?
Yes………………………1
No……...………………..2
Q.18 If yes, how much (in Bigha)?
<5 Bigha………………...1
5-10 Bigha………………2
>10 Bigha……………….3
Q.19 Who cultivates the land?
Self……………………...1
Given on lease………….2
Self and given on lease…3
Self and share cropping…4
Q.20 What type of agricultural equipment do you possess?
Tractor…………………..a
Plough / hal/ tiller…….…b
Thresher…………………c
Tube well……………….d
Fodder cutter……………e
Harvester………………..f
Rotavator……………….g
Sprayer…………………h
Q.21 What food items do you usuallypurchase?
Rice/wheat………………a
Daal …..…………………b
Vegetables……………….c
Milk and milk products….d
Fruits……………………..e
Sugar……………………..f
Oil/ ghee…………………g
Others (specify)………….h
Extent of dependence on market/urban centres
Q.21 How much do you depend on urban centers for
the following services?
Fully
agree
Larger
extent
Some
extent
Negligible
Not at
all
1. Agricultural input (seed, fertilizer,machinery)
1. Agricultural produce
2. Livestock purchase/sale
3. Livestock product sale

4. Livestock veterinary services
5. Health care (for ailments, and medical purchases)
6. Education (stationery, school/college/tuition)
7. Bank
Q.22 Does any usual member of this household have a
bank account or a post office account?
Yes…………………………..1
No…………………………...2
Q.23 Is any usual member of this household covered by a
health scheme or health insurance?
Yes…………………………..1
No…………………………...2
Q.24
Does your household have a Below Poverty Line
(BPL) card?
Yes…………………………..1
No…………………………...2
Q.25
(Check Q.23, if yes, ask) Did you receive benefit of
Ujjwala Yojana (LPG connections to women of BPL
families)?
Yes…………………………..1
No…………………………...2
Q.26
Do you or any member of your household currently
have an account under the Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan
Yojana (PMJDY)?
Yes…………………………..1
No…………………………...2
Q.27
(Check Q.25, if yes ask) Have you or your
household member used this account for any
banking services other than opening this account of
PMJDY?
Yes…………………………..1
No…………………………...2
Q.28
How frequently do you use this PMJDY account for
transaction?
Daily ……………………….1
Weekly ………… …………2
Monthly ……………………3
Rarely ………………………4
Never ……………………….5
Q.29
Do you have internet connection in your household
(mobile or LAN)?
Yes…………………………..1
No…………………………...2
Q.30 Do you use mobile phone for financial transaction?
Yes…………………………..1
No…………………………...2
Q.31
Hoe frequently do you use mobile phone for
financial transaction?
Daily ……………………….1
Weekly ………… …………2
Monthly ……………………3
Rarely ………………………4
Never ……………………….5

Sr.
No.
USUAL
RESIDEN
TS
RELATIONS
HIP TO THE
HOUSEHOLD
SEX AGE MERITAL STATUS
EDUCATION
Code
IF AGED 7 YEARS AND OLDER
I
Please give me
the names of
persons who
usually live in
your household,
starting with the
head of the
household.
What is the
relationship
(NAME) to
the head ofthe
household?
Is
(NAME)
Male
or
femal
e?
How
old is
he/she
?
(NAM
E)
What is the current
marital status of
(NAME)?
CM S W D NM
Can
(NAME)
read or
write?
Y N
What is
thehighest
grade
(NAME)
completed?
IF LESS THAN
25YEARS
CM= Currently married
S= Separated
W= Widowed
D= Divorced
NM= Never married
Y= Yes
N=No
Is (NAME)
still in
school/college?
Y N
II III IV V VI VII VIII IX
1. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
2. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
3. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
4. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
5. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
6. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
7. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
8. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
9. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
10. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
11. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2
12. 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 1 2

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