Tilt-Up Panel Construction

Tilt-Up Panel Construction
Tilt–Up Panel Construction
Building Technology 245 – Assignment 1
Nicholas Perry
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Background 3.1 Current Use 3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 3.0
Construction 4.3 Casting Process 4.4 Installation/Tilt–Up Process 4.5 Connections 4.6.1 Panel–To–
Panel 4.6.2 Panel–To–Slab 4.6.3 Panel–To–Suspended Slab 4.0 Design Considerations 5.6 Materials
(Concrete) 5.7 Reinforcement 5.8 Specialised Hardware 5.9 Rigging 5.10 Finishes 5.11 Design
Documentation 5.0 Rules and Regulations 6.12 Australian Standards 6.13 Occupational Health and
Safety 6.0 Conclusion 7.0 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In most cases, they are created on location, but the decision is influenced by the size and nature of
the project, taking into account the restrictions of the site.
3.1 Casting Process Prior to the panels being cast to size, a concrete slab is poured to use as a base
for the tilt–up panels to be cast onto.
An engineer is then required to set out boundaries and help in the set up of formwork, which is then
erected in the shape of the panels. This includes making space for openings such as doors and
windows within the design. Formwork is positioned for all panels, in a jigsaw–like formation on the
slab, as to allow for steady project flow. Formwork is to be created to such a height as to allow for
multiple castings to be made on top of each other.
The slab is then coated within formwork with a bond breaker as to allow for the most comfort when
'tilting–up' the panels.
As in regular concrete construction, reinforcing is positioned where necessary.
Once everything is positioned as required, concrete is then ready to be poured. When the concrete
has been poured, manual labour is required to trowel for a smooth finish, either by hand or machine
trowel. This can leave a smooth finish, or textured, but must be compliant with designs for
consistency.
With the removal of formwork, and last minute detailing to the panels, they are ready to be lifted
into place.

3.2 Installation/Tilt–Up Process
Due to
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Precast Concrete Case Study
R. Jon Grafton, P.E., Business Development Manager for Oldcastle Precast's Western Region, was
honored as a PCI Fellow at the 2017 Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI) Convention and
National Bridge Conference in Cleveland, OH.
PCI Fellows are awarded this recognition for their outstanding contributions to the precast concrete
structures Industry and to PCI in the areas of education, research, design, production, quality,
erection, marketing, or management.
Currently active in PCI and serving on the Pavement, Bridge, and Bridge Producers committees, Jon
was recently appointed to the PCI Board of Directors and chair of the Transportation Activities
Council. He received PCI's Robert J. Lyman Award in 2005 for his paper "Precast Concrete

Essay on Unicon
Module 4: Operations and Process Management | |
Lesson 11
Unicon Concrete Products (H.K.) Ltd Case Report
April 1, 2010
Executive Summary
Unicon is a major player in the flourishing Hong Kong market for pre–cast concrete products and
Mr. Li, the deputy managing director is pursuing the idea of "blanket" approval for Unicon's custom
design concrete products with one of it's largest customers, the Hong Kong Housing Authority. This
proposition could offer savings to both Unicon and the customer but this could adversely affect the
relations with other customers and the manufacturing operations. If Unicon is to stay competitive in
the ever expanding market, management must have a plan to ... Show more content on
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There are 14 stat. holidays per year.
Days available per year;
52 weeks x 6 days + 26 overtime days –14 stats = 324 days
Slab Production;
3400 per block/82.5 slabs/day = 41.2 per block of slab capacity –32/41.2 = 7.9 blocks foe slabs.
Facade Production;
1120 / block / 25 per day = 44.8 days/block for façade capacity =324/44.8 = 7.2 blocks for façade.
In the Hong Kong market facades and slabs are in the early stages of their product life–cycle,
partitioning walls and stairs are more advanced stages. Partitioning walls were first produced in
1972 and unlike facades and slabs are produced in standard sizes using a module design. The old
method of pour in place walls and floors are mature according to this case. Demand for precast is
rapidly growing because of the Hong Kong construction market. As the markets grow we are
expecting to see more modular designs and standard dimensions emerge. Unicon has to be careful
since competitors from mainland China are expected to enter the market next year when barriers
fall.
There are advantages and disadvantages of the blanket approval approach. Who will actually benefit
from the cost reductions? It may not be Unicon since competitive pressures may force the pre–cast
construction companies to pass on some of their savings. The Hong Kong Housing Authority
(HKHA) might look for some sort of rebate from the general contractors, this will insure that the
cost saving measure is includes in all projects. Unicon has to

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Schemopedia
Schemopedia.com is an online platform, for citizens to search the schemes as per their requirement
and apply them to avail the benefits. It is actually a technology based initiative started by 3 people to
reduce the asymmetry between Government and the citizens. These services can be availed by
Individuals, Enterprises, New startups, NGO's, Farmers, students, Academic Institutes. Founders of
schemopedia.com are,
1. Abhishek Rathi
2. Anand
3. Bhaumik Leveraging its online presence, schemopedia.com has partnered with many Enterprises,
Non–profit organizations to take up their development programs. So, one of the organizations is
GUBBI GROUP. Schemopedia is acting as a management consultants to the Gubbi group which is
in Thane, Mumbai.
Hence, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Applicable on sunk portion of bathrooms, toilets, balconies etc., base coat for terrace waterproofing,
underground and overhead water tanks, can be applied in moist conditions e.g. exteriors, terraces
and chajjas in wet spells of monsoon, underground and / or overhead water tanks almost
immediately after emptying.
Polyurethane waterproof coating: A single component modified polyurethane, liquid applied coating
that is composed of specially developed polymers, properly selected and graded fillers. Bonds
strongly on cement concrete, asbestos, mild steel, cement plastered applied surfaces, thermal
stability, high elasticity and resistance to chemical.
Waterproofing admixture: Integral waterproofing admixture for concrete & mortar. Applicable on
concrete structures exposed to water like terrace gardens, sunk portion of bathrooms, toilets,
balconies, etc., external plastering, basement concreting, sloped roof slab, flat roof slab, beams,
columns, slabs etc.
Ready to use finishes:
Tile adhesive: A ready to use grey cement based non–shrink, self–curing, water resistance tile
adhesive for floor tiles and wall tiles

The Effects Of Self Compacting Self Cured Concrete By...
ABSTRACT Self compacting concrete with suitable chemical admixtures like Super Plasticizer and
viscosity modifying agent can be cured, alternatively by addition of an internal curing agent instead
of using large quantities of water. Steel fibers on the other hand have been used in cement and
concrete composites for more than four decades, most of the steel fibers were introduced in the
market prior to 1980. This is in sharp contrast to the continuous progress and development in the
cement matrix itself. The proposed aim of the experiment is to examine the behavior of self
compacting self–cured concrete by changing the steel fiber content. The mix incorporated 40 %
replacement of cement with fly ash. The compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete were
compared with conventional concrete by adding 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% of steel fibers and a notable
accession of 79% in flexural strength was observed without compromising with the compressive
strength.
Index terms: Self Compacting, Self–Curing, Steel Fiber, Reinforced, Concrete, Superplasticiser,
Viscosity Modifying agent
––––––––––––––––––––
1 INTRODUCTION
S
elf–compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing type of concrete that is able to consolidate under its
own weight. It is a high–performance concrete that has the ability to spread readily and fill the
restricted sections including congested reinforcement structures without using mechanical
consolidation. SCC was first conceptualized by Prof. Okamura of Japan in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Friction Pile
FOUNDATIONS – Friction piles
What is a Friction pile?
In friction piles the load is resisted by friction between the surface of the pile and the surrounding
soil. A pure friction pile is usually quite long due to the fact that the load carrying capacity is a
function of the shaft being in contact with the soil.
When would a friction pile be used?
This kind of pile is used when there are no signs of hard rock materials present at a reasonable
depth. (A softer material for the pile to drive through)
Advantage
Where sands of medium to low density are found, friction piles can be used to increase the density
and therefore the strength.
Disadvantage
If there are layers of rock or any rocklike material present then ... Show more content on
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Two way slabs with beams are used for medium spans with heavy loads or even if high resistance is
required to deal with lateral forces
Advantages
Can be used for heavy loads
Can be used for long spans
Disadvantages
More complicated to build than flat slabs therefore more time needed
COLUMNS AND SLABS – Post tensioned slab
What is a post tensioned slab?
A post tensioned slab is a slab of concrete which has been pre stressed a certain way to increase the
strength of the concrete. Before pouring a post tensioned slab, steel strands or cables are placed to
strengthen the slab and give it support.

Picture of a post tensioned slab http://en.vsl.cz/post–tensioning/ When is a post tensioned slab used?
It is used in areas where the soil expands and contracts due to the weather conditions. Post tensioned
slabs can also be used in parking garages and stadiums because it is more economic in a sense that is
uses a smaller depth but still creates the same strength.
Advantage
Smaller depths for the concrete with the same strength
Cheaper to

Foam Concrete
Foam concrete advantages
Foam Concrete is normal concrete with bubbles of air inside. Therefore it has the same
characteristics with many additional advantages.
CLC (foam concrete) blocks are used for building cottages, wall insulation in multistory buildings
and internal partitions.
Also CLC can be produced and poured for floors and roofs on–site. In roofs it can be used because
of very good insulating and lightweight. For floors CLC offers faster installation and a less
expensive option because of the flowing and self–leveling properties.
CLC is easy to produce using our portable process machine. The ingredients are cement, sand, water
and foaming agent. The components are mixed in machine and in this mix added the foam that
produced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It increases the construction speed for several times. Also it is easy to cut channels and holes for
electrical wiring, sockets, and pipes.
ACOUSTIC INSULATION
Foam concrete has a high property of acoustical absorption. If foam concrete pouring to floor or
roof if fill all holes and caves in construction and this is also increase acoustic insulation.
ECO–COMPATIBILITY
Foam concrete does not produce any toxic substances and in its ecological compatibility is second
only to wood.
HIGH WORKABLE
Foam concrete is a high workability material, so it is possible to build various shapes of corners,
arches, pyramids, which will attach beauty and architectural expressiveness to your house.
BIG PROFIT
Foam concrete allow to save big money not only during living in the house, but during the
construction the house too. It is cheaper to deliver, to build, to make foundation for this house, to
plaster, to drive a wires and sewerage tubes, to build various shapes of corners and arches.
SUPERIOR FIRE RESISTANT
Foam concrete extremely fire safe. For example foam concrete used in special fire safe vault. Tests
show that foam concrete 150 mm width can protect from fire for 4 hours.
TRANSPORTATION SAVINGS
Favorable combination of weight, volume and packaging makes foam concrete blocks convenient
for transportation and allow use motor or railway transport.
VARIETY OF USAGE
Foam concrete use for producing construction blocks, thermal and acoustic insulation of roofs,
floors,

The Superstructure Elements And Its Effect On The Portion...
.0 Superstructure
The superstructure elements will be defined as those inclusive to the portion of the bridge structure,
which forms the horizontal span, all components above the bearings. The following will delineate
the major superstructure elements, and investigate accelerated bridge construction techniques and
technologies, which can be applied. The major structural components, which will be examined in the
following section, will include girders, stay–in–place deck forms, deck panels and modular
superstructure construction systems.
1.1 Girders
Bridge girders for the purpose of the following examination will be divided into two (2) sections:
steel girders and precast – prestressed concrete girders. The use of shop fabricated girders ... Show
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Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration Accelerated bridge construction
manual "Adjacent butted precast girder systems such as double tees and deck bulb tees create
opportunities for ABC. These girders function as both the beam and the deck, thereby eliminating
the need for deck placement in the field." (U.S Department of Transportation, 2011)
1.2 Stay–in–Place Deck Forms
A significant portion of the bridge construction schedule can be attributed to the forming and
stripping of concrete deck forms. Stay–in–place concrete deck forms are used to eliminate the need
to strip forms after the concrete deck has been cast and cured. The two (2), most common forms of
stay–in–place deck forms are corrugated steel sheets and partial depth precast concrete panels. (U.S
Department of Transportation, 2011)
1.2.1 Corrugated Steel Stay–in–Place Deck Forms
Galvanized corrugated steel sheets are placed above the bridge girders from flange to flange to act
as a stay–in–place deck form. Furthermore, these steel deck forms act to provide support for the
reinforcing steel in the deck slab as well as supporting the weight of weight concrete during the
construction process. Corrugated steel stay–in–place deck forms remain in place for the live of the
structure thus serving to eliminate the need of form stripping and the associated schedule time.
Corrugated Steel Stay–in–Place Deck Forms can be used on steel and precast – prestressed

High Performance Concrete : High Quality Concrete
High–Performance Concrete
1. Introduction
Products that last longer are called, high– performance products. Properly proportioned and cured
mixtures of super–plasticized concrete, with 0.4 or less w/cm, show a little or no permeability. In
fact, super–plasticized concrete mixtures made with blended portland cements containing mineral
additives exhibit unusually low permeability ratings in the ASTM C 1202, Rapid Chloride
Penetration Test.
However, high–performance concrete almost always has a higher strength than normal concrete.
However, strength is not always the primary required property. For example, a normal strength
concrete with very high durability and very low permeability is considered to have high
performance properties. Bickley and Fung (2001) demonstrated that 40 MPa (6,000 psi) is high–
performance concrete for bridges could be economically made while meeting durability factors for
air–void system and resistance to chloride penetration.
2. Definition
High–performance concrete (HPC) is defined as a concrete meeting special combination of
performance and uniformity requirements that cannot always be achieved routinely using
conventional constituents and normal mixing, placing, and curing practices. What's more HPC is a
relatively new concrete terms that are used, it is consistent to those of the most common applications
in more than one set of standards, but not limited to strength. 3. Characteristics of HPC that need to
be considered
High

Marketing Strategy Of SIKKA
CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1) ABOUT THE COMPANY For a period of almost three
decades now, SIKKA has been pushing the boundaries to create spaces that are unrivalled in luxury,
stature & design. With a keen eye on the future & a sound knowledge base of the global business
environment & trends SIKKA has diversified its portfolio with interests in Real Estate, Automobile,
Hospitality & the Outdoor Media industry. SIKKA has emerged as one of the most progressive &
multifaceted real estate entity in the North India for more than 3 decades. With the verticals
spanning across commercial, residential & industrial sectors, it is poised to conceptualize perfect
lifestyle avenues, designed exclusively for your need. The company tender the most diversified
product mix comprising of commercial & residential property, Hotels, Automobiles, education,
Media Business & Filling Stations. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It supplies teams to run their independent business. Company's mission to build a world class real
estate development company with the highest business st&ards of Professionalism & customer
services to contribute the growth of Indian

Sustainability and Quality of Precast Concrete
Sustainability and Quality of Precast Concrete Precast concrete is a construction method for casting
concrete into a reusable mold. Recently, the number of buildings and infrastructure projects
constructed using precast concrete has grown exponentially. Modern day technologies have turned
precast concrete into a very durable, sustainable, and quality controlled product. Will precast and
modular building systems be the future of sustainable, quality, and economical building methods?
Concrete is an essential material in the construction industry today. The use of concrete can be dated
back to 3000 BC during the time of the Pyramid construction. Precast concrete is a relatively new
method for the construction industry when compared to how long the cast–in–place method has
been around. Early forms of precast concrete have been experimented with for hundred of years by
multiple cultures. However, modern day precast concrete evolved in 1905 in Liverpool, England.
John Brodie who was a city engineer in Liverpool invented the process. Overtime, the use of precast
concrete has spread in all parts of the world. Precast concrete is manufactured offsite, in a controlled
environment. This helps minimize the negative impact to the construction site while maximizing
quality. Precast concrete does not require onsite storage or staging, and is delivered to the project as
needed. It is typically erected with a crane and a relatively small crew, which allows for construction
within a

Assignment 1
HLM
HLM CONSULTANTS LTD
HLM File No.: ARBE3100_A1_2014
April 2014
Basement Construction
Prepared for:
DreamHome Furniture Group
ARBE3100 – Construction Technology 3
The University of Newcastle
Callaghan NSW
2308
Prepared by:
HLM Consultants Ltd
HLM
Assignment 1
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 3
1.0 | INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................... 4
2.0 | SITE INVESTIGATION / CONSTRAINTS........................................................................ ...
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The report compares and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of methods and
technologies for constructing basements.
A basement, for the basis of this report, is part of a building partly or wholly extends below ground
level. It is essential basements are well planned, designed and constructed to ensure that for the life
of the building it functions effectively and efficiently. A common concern of basement construction

is the effects of groundwater. These issues are considered and the areas where these issues could
potentially occur are identified. Additional cumulative effects of basements have also been
considered.
Finally the report sets out recommendations on the appropriate approach to the design and
construction of the basement and details the steps which should be taken in the construction of the
chosen design and construction.
April 2014
Page | 3
HLM
Assignment 1
1.0 | INTRODUCTION
In general, basements provide an effective internal space within a building without compromising
the site area. Basements commonly are used as utility space for building including but not limited to
car parking, plant equipment, amenities and storage.
The project brief provides that the commercial building is intended to be a precedent development
which reflects "a successful professional company". The project involves the construction of a new

General Technical Information : The Bridge
General Technical Information:
The bridge will be an 8–lane bridge with 2 lanes committed for buses, with a total length of
5.6Km.The Sea Link will enable quick go between Bandra and Worli, cutting travel times from 60–
75 minutes to around 7 minutes. The extension was committed to the public on 30 June 2009,
although just 4 of 8 lanes were opened. All the 8 lanes were opened on 24 March 2010.
Manpower Behind the bridge:
A total of 2850 workers and 150 engineers were employed over a span of eight years including
several teams of foreign engineers and technicians involved in specialized tasks. The main
engineering positions includes: Project Manager, Project Chief Engineer, Planning executive, Works
Manager (Super–Structure), Chief Design ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cable stay system comprises 2,250 km of high strength galvanized steel wires which support the
Cable Stay Bridge weighing 20,000 tons. The bridge deck is constructed of pre–cast hollow concrete
box sections with 3 cores, the dimensions of the deck varies throughout the length of the bridge. The
pre–cast segments vary in length from 1.5m to 3.1m with a width between 18m and 23m. Each
section of bridge deck will be post–tensioned following installation. The precast concrete sections of
the deck were launched incrementally between the pillars using a truss system, known as the
balanced cantilever method.
Piles were used for the foundations. Foundations for the towers comprised of fifty two piles with a
diameter of 2m and about 34m in length piles arranged in an H shape. The strength of concrete used
in the design is 40 MPa for Piles, and 60 MPa for Pile Caps, Columns, Towers, and Girders. In
addition, Micro silica is added to increase concrete strength as well as providing sulfate resistance
by decreasing average size of pores in the cement paste.
Bridge Construction:
– Construction of the foundation was challenging due to geological conditions where sea soils layers
varies in strength and depth. All the piles in the project are vertical and cast–in–situ. First,
cofferdams were installed followed by the placement of Tremie concrete seal. – Sub–Structure
Construction (Pile Cap and Piers) used pre–fabricated reinforcement cages.
–

Sandwich Panels Advantages And Disadvantages
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
In this chapter, a background study on the concept of insulated concrete sandwich panels is
introduced. The specialities of its various parts and practical applications are cited.
1.2 HISTORY
Precast/prestressed concrete sandwich wall panels are composed of two concrete wythes or layers
separated by a layer of rigid foam plastic insulation. Sandwich panels are created in North America
for quite 50 years. Early sandwich panels were of the non–composite kind and consisted of a thick,
structural wythe (or hollow–core slabs, double tees, or single tees), a layer of rigid insulation, and a
non–structural wythe. Composite sandwich panels were factorymade later.
Materials employed in the manufacture of sandwich panels are the ... Show more content on
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Sandwich panels are usually designed as one–way structural elements; shear forces are generated
due to longitudinal bending in the panels. In addition, the shear connectors may be used to transfer
the weight of a non–structural wythe to the structural wythe. Shear connectors that are designed to
be stiff in one direction and flexible in another are called one–way shear connectors [4]. Examples
of these are longitudinal steel–wire trusses, solid ribs of concrete, flat sleeve anchors, fiber
composite rectangles, and small–diameter bent bars (Fig.1.1). Care should be taken in the
manufacturing process to maintain the preferred orientation of one–way connectors. Some shear
connectors are stiff in at least two perpendicular directions and will consequently transfer in both
longitudinal and transverse horizontal shear. Examples of these are solid zones of concrete (often
located at each end of the panel and at lifting points), connection plates, cylindrical sleeve anchors,
and crown anchors. Connection plates and crown anchors are normally installed in solid zones of
concrete and therefore it can be considered as rigid shear connections

Construction And Design : Commercial Buildings
218.271 CONSTRUCTION AND DESIGN: COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS ASSIGNMENT 1
COMMERCIAL CLADDINGS, INTERIORS AND INDOOR AIR QUALITY Paper coordinator:
Claire Flemmer Contributing lecturer: Eziaku Onyrizu Student ID: Zhong Wang 14161066 Number
of words: 1909+1911 CONTENTS Part 1 Claddings 4 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Single stage claddings:
Face–sealed monolithic 4 2.1 Sketch and explanation 4 2.2 Performance and Durability 5 2.3
Maintenance and Capital cost 5 3.0 Two stage claddings: drained joint precast unit 6 3.1 Sketch and
explanation 6 3.2 Performance and Durability 6 3.3 Maintenance and Capital cost 7 4.0 Rain screen
8 4.1 Sketch and explanation 8 4.2 Performance and Durability 9 4.3 Maintenance and Capital cost
10 5.0 Conclusion 10 6.0 Reference list 11 7.0 Figure and Image list 11 Part 2 Interiors and Indoor
air quality 12 1.0 Introduction 12 2.0 Interiors 12 2.1 Explanation of features 12 2.2 Sketches 15 3.0
Indoor air quality 16 3.1 Where and why Legionella occurs 16 3.2 Preventative steps for building
manager 16 4.0 Conclusion 17 5.0 Reference list 18 6.0 Figure and Image list 18 PART 1
CLADDINGS 1.0 INTRODUCTION Part 1 of this report aims to define and discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of three commercial building cladding systems which are face sealed monolithic
claddings, two stage drained joint precast unit claddings and rain screen claddings. Common New
Zealand commercial cladding examples will be applied for illustrating the

Essay On Self Compacting Concrete
SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE Self–compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing concrete mixture
that is able to consolidate under its own weight. The highly fluid nature of SCC makes it suitable for
placing in difficult condition & in selections with congested reinforcement. Use of SCC can help in
hearing related damages on the worksite that are induced by vibration of concrete, another
advantages of SCC is that the time required to place large section in consider ability reduced. When
the construction company in Japan experienced a decline in the availability of skill labour in the
1930's a need for felt for a concrete that could overcome the problem of defective workmanship.
SCC mainly used in highly congested reinforced concrete structure in seismic region and to
overcome the problem of storage of skilled labours for the efficient compaction of concrete. Review
of literature indicates that durability of SCC largely depends on the type of mineral admixtures. ...
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For examples, placement of seal concrete, mass concrete and shaft concrete can be successfully
placed without vibration. These seal, mass and shaft concretes are generally of lower strength, less
than 34.5 MPa and difficult to attain consistent quality. Modern application of self–compacting
concrete (SCC) is focused on high performance and more reliable quality, dense and uniform
surface texture, improved durability, high strength, and faster construction. By the early 1990's,
Japan has developed and used SCC that does not require vibration to achieve full compaction. More
and more applications of SCC in construction have been reported in Japan. As of the year 2000, the
amount of SCC used for prefabricated products (precast members) and ready–mixed concrete (cast–
in–place) in Japan was about 400,000

Designing A More Productive Manner During Construction...
In order to perform any task in a more productive manner during construction, equipment must be
used. Depending on the scope of work and the size of the job more than one piece of machinery may
be used; the model, size, and people operating the equipment will differ too. The equipment,
personnel, area, and project factors may be different for every job but they all share a common
factor, risk. This factor aids contractors to determine the type of equipment to choose and the
supplier to provide the equipment for the project as well.
Choosing the right equipment for the project is a major risk the contractor must be able to handle.
They must analysis and completely understand the project; such as understanding the type of soil to
be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each specific area in construction uses various types of equipment, every piece of equipment has a
different purpose. The contractor must determine for each project and the scope of work assign what
equipment to use, and whether to buy or rent the equipment. For example, if a contractor specializes
in concrete work and it is a job that they perform regularly, it would benefit them owning the
necessary equipment; such as mixer and pump. This allows them to have the availability of the
equipment when it is required. However they are responsible for all the maintenance on the
equipment and inspecting it frequently, in order to keep it operating properly (pg90). If these
services are not performed regularly the contractor risk the equipment being damaged or not
performing to the norm.They also must be aware of the operating cost and depreciation value of the
vehicle; in order to receive funds from some of the equipments retained market value (pg 92) . Now
in a job that requires a special type of equipment, one not familiar with the contractor, renting may
be the best option. In renting the risk factor is also there, the supplier may not have the equipment
available for the time being requested or may be too far of a distance from the job site.
Thus location of the project site also has some effects to the project, it can determine the delivery
and mobilization risk factors. Not only can location affect the time of the availability of the
equipment, but as well the

Building Structure And Envelope Of An Advanced Engineering...
In this report, it will analyses the building structure and envelope of an advanced engineering
building at UQ. The report will put the emphasis on some aspects which include the construction
documentation, building configuration building element design and building loading and load
transfer to the foundation. From another perspective, the report will also illustrate the project's sites
structure which includes site conditions, material used, interfaces with pre–existing
structure/infrastructure. Basically, by using various of site or the whole building drawings, some
significant building components can be recognized. These building components will be discussed
and analyzed specifically, which include their particular location in the drawing and how they
function in the building structure. Introduction of this building The building is located in Brisbane
QLD; the area is about 18000.0 m2. The project was finished in 2013. The building has achieved
certified 5 star green ratings representing 'Australian Excellence' in environmental initiatives. Also,
to achieve the goal of energy efficiency, some building service and feature have been improved. For
example, the thermal labyrinth to store cool overnight, VSD fans and pumps, high performance
double glazing and openable louvres and windows with cross –flow via the atrium. Construction
documentation The construction documentation is consisting of structural and architectural cover
sheets. The structural section can be

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Fiberglass Reinforced...
Fiberglass reinforced concrete (GFRC) is most suitable for construction because it is a great material
for restoration of old buildings and also used for the exterior of the buildings. It is also being used
widely for walls and ceilings. GFRC allow almost perfect replication of building terra–cotta and
ornaments. It's very low shrinkage allows molds to be made from existing structural ornamentation,
then cast in GFRC to replicate the original designs. GFRC is lightweight compared to other
traditional concrete which is very important for construction. It is highly durable and safe. Next,
expensive equipment is not necessary for pouring or spraying GFRC .Fiberglass is inexpensive and
corrosion–proof, but not as ductile as steel. It can only be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Fiberglass reinforced concrete doesn't crack easily where it can be cut without chipping because it is
sprayed on, the surface has no bugholes or voids. GFRC used for creative prefabricated architectural
cladding. GFRC is an perfect material to use on a variety of roofing structures. It is easy to fix
lightweight but tough and unaffected by environmental conditions. It can imitate traditional roofing
materials such as slate, natural stone or clay products but unlike these materials it is neither heavy
nor brittle. GFRC can be moulded into complex shapes for roofing accessories such as finials, ridges
and chimneys. It is non–combustible with a high impact strength and can be used on all types of
roof. Next, GFRC use in renovation. Thin lightweight panels are easy to fix and minimise the
weight imposed on the existing structure. In addition,GFRC can provide best solutions in the
construction of foundations and floors where in–situ concrete floors it can give economic benefits
together with excellent appearance. On ground floor concrete slabs, during cold climate insulated
GFRC can help in minimising heat loss from the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Industrialised Building...
Introduction
Through globalization, technology has increased rapidly in not only in Malaysia but also other
country. In Malaysia, Industrialised Building System (IBS) is one of the technologies that has
implemented by government. It has started since 1960's. But however it becomes more popular in
1998 when government recommends a Strategic Plan as the blueprint for whole construction sector.
IBS system has been promoting by CIDB. To increase the use of IBS, CIDB has taken the step of
formulating IBS Roadmap. The main reason for implementing IBS system in Malaysia is to increase
the productivity, waste of construction material, time and reduce the use foreign labors.
However, implementation of IBS has not found popular from local construction industry. There is
very low profile of construction sector using IBS as their main building construction.
Hence, in this assignment has discussed the definition of IBS, types, characteristics, advantages and
disadvantages of IBS. IBS is being proposed to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This technique of construction is a friendly and controlled environment, transported, positioned and
assembled into a formation with least additional site work needed. Besides, industrialized building
system (IBS) can be defined where all slab, wall, beam, column, and staircase are mass produced
either in factory or at site factory with strict quality control according to Warswaski (1999). It can be
defined by industrialized process which every building components are planning, prefabricated,
conceived, transported and erected on site. (Thanoon & W. A. M., Peng, L, 2003). Hence, in simple
form of definition of IBS is a construction system that built using prefabricated components based
on Rahman and Omar (2006). This IBS system can be made using machine, formworks and other
machinery

Analysis of the Cement Business
Segmentation is categorization of clients into suitable classes so that the Marketing plans are
customized and made appropriate to every single specific class of buyers. Segmentation might be
established on each of the pursuing criteria: o Nature of Request of Cement: Cement is utilized for
Colossal groundwork undertakings, Business housing undertaking, Residential undertakings, precast
or block making works, Prepared Blend Concrete constituents or for minor overhaul works o Group
of Assembly Professional: A assembly expert might be whichever a mason, Political Engineer ,
Builder or Contractor, Consultant o Rural, Semi–urban and City Markets: Cement might be vended
in villages, suburban spans of metropolises and inside the metropolis limits.
Reliant on the segmentation strategy clients who are moderately worth insensitive, expensive to
assist or poorly assisted by competitors can be charged extra than those who are truly worth
sensitive, less expensive to assistor well assisted by competitors.
3.2.1. Price and Pricing Decisions
Cement worth is not uniform across the state and varies from span to region. Worth of cement
additionally depends on the allocation channel – whether it is dispatched undeviatingly to the
undertaking client or across the dealers outlets. Segmentation enables the Marketer to disparate
marketplace segments alongside distinct worth points rather than serve the whole marketplace
alongside one worth point. Amongst the constituent materials of concrete

Concrete and Following Statements
1. Which of the following statements regarding fire–retardant treatment of wood is MOST accurate?
A. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures lower than those developed in fires.
B. the fire retardant is intended to occur at temperatures higher than those developed in fires
C. all chemicals used as fire retardants can be used for exterior applications
D. fire retardant treatment of wood increases its strength
2. Most fire–retardant chemicals operate by:
A. accelerating the absorption of moisture toe extinguish flame spread
B. combining chemicals with air to eliminate the air supply
C. accelerating the formation of charring in the wood
D. increasing the formation of volatile gases
3. Wood structures are usually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A. if concrete is unsatisfactory, it will not settle during the slump test
B. the sag test checks the amount of aggregate in the cement
C. the compression test is very costly if the results are unsatisfactory
D. the density test is preferred over the slump test because of its convenience
16. Which of the following is an extremely light cast–in–place framing system?
A. flat–slab
B. waffle
C. slab and beam
D. flat plate
17. Which of the following statements regarding quality control of precast concrete is MOST
accurate?
A. precasting forms are located in areas exposed to weather
B. mixing and pouring of precast concrete can be more mechanized than cast–in–place concrete
C. mixing and pouring precast concrete is less efficient than mixing and pouring cast–in–place
concrete
D. quality control tests done onsite provide a higher degree of quality control than precast concrete
18. Which of the following statements regarding the heat–sink effect is MOST accurate?
A. the heat–sink effect can make conditions uncomfortable, but cannot reignite combustibles
B. the heat–sink effect can cause deadly reignition of combustibles during overhaul
C. the heat–sink effect causes concrete to release retained heat quickly
D. the heat–sink effect does not apply to newer concrete
19. Which of the following statements regarding SPALLING is MOST accurate?

A. concrete has significant resistance to tension
B. spalling

A Brief Note On Accidental Falls Are One Of The Leading...
Accidental falls are one of the leading causes of death in the construction industry today. Falls are a
persistent hazard that employees face on the construction site that can occur during simple acts such
as climbing a ladder or a result of a complex series of events. According to OSHA, 36.9 percent of
all construction related accidental deaths in CY 2013 were from falls (OSHA commonly used
statistics, n.d.). Fall injuries make up a considerable financial burden for construction companies
and insurance companies. Between workers' compensation, medical bills, and other cost associated
with falls it is estimated that fall incidents account for $70 billion annually. Workers have a right to
be safe while at their job site. Following rules and regulations, as well as being properly trained and
equipped will greatly reduce the risk of fall incidents.
Review and analysis In February 2007, an adult male construction worker sustained fatal injuries
after he fell three floors following the collapse of the precast concrete floor slabs. The precast
concrete slabs were fabricated off site and then transported to the construction site. These concrete
floor slabs weighed approximately 7 tons and were positioned on the buildings steel structure frame
that was composed of vertical and horizontal steel columns and beams. Once the slabs were
positioned, the workers were supposed to have permanently secured them to the steel frame of the
building using grout or welding. Before this

Methods Of Construction At 4.1 Pile Foundation
4. METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION 4.1 PILE FOUNDATION: Piles are structural members that
are made up of steel, concrete, or timber. They are used to build pile foundations, which are deep
and which cost more than shallow foundations. Despite the cost, the use of piles often is necessary
to ensure structural safety. The following list identifies some of the condition that require pile
foundations. 1.When the upper soil layers are highly compressible and too weak to carry the load
transmitted by the superstructure, piles are used for transmitting the load to underlying bedrocks or a
stronger soil layer, as shown in figure(a). When bedrock is not encountered at a reasonable depth
below the ground surface, piles are used to transmit the structural load to the soil. The resistance to
the applied structural load is derived mainly from the frictional resistance developed at the soil–pile
interface (figure (b)). Figure 4.1 Pile Requirements 2. When subjected to horizontal forces, pile
foundations resist by bending while still supporting the vertical load transmitted by the
superstructure. This type of situation is generally encountered in the design and construction of
earth–retaining structures and foundations of tall structures that are subject to high wind and/or
earthquake forces. 3. In many cases, expansive and collapsible soils may be present at the site of a
proposed structure. These soils may extend to a

Fundamentals of Building Construction: The Concrete
What is concrete? Concrete is a composite material used widely in the construction industry.
Concrete is basically a mixture of cement, water, aggregates and admixture (sometimes). Cement is
a fine gray powder that consists of oxidizes calcium, silicon and aluminum. The aggregate used is
normally gravel, crushed stone or sand. Admixture is a solid or liquid substance that gives a certain
characteristics of the concrete. The cement reacts with water chemically and binds the aggregates
together through a process called hydration during hardening or curing of concrete. It means that
water helps in the hardening of the concrete while the cement bind the aggregate and also react with
water to form a solid mass.
Concrete is one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pre–stressed concrete is a solid structure whereby stretched reinforcement bars surrounded by
concrete. The purpose is to increase the capability of the beam to carry a much greater load with the
same amount of concrete and reinforced bars.
Ready–mix concrete is a concrete that is manufactured in a factory. The quality of ready–mix
concrete is ensured because the concrete has been graded.
Precast concrete is a concrete structure that is manufactured in a factory. The precast concrete will
be transported to a construction site. Precast concrete saves man power, therefore less workers are
needed in the construction site. It also saves time and cost, thus the construction can be constructed
in time. Precast concrete has also a better quality comparing to site cast concrete structure.
Terrazzo is a flooring material made by grinding and polishing a concrete. The concrete consists of
chips of marble or granite in different size and color. Terrazzo often used as decorative flooring
patterns because it has various color and texture.
Urbanite is used to refer to pieces of concrete from demolition sites. It can be used to create a
walkway by recycling the concrete pieces.
Reinforced Concrete Basically, reinforced concrete is a type of concrete in which metal bars or wire
is embedded to increase its

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Building System
1.0 Introduction
Human beings have long been using the activity of building construction. Take the Arabian region
for example, the pyramids in Egypt are one of the most shocking and astonishing wonders in the
world. Pyramids were built using a well–organized building system which nobody still seems to
know, yet everyone recognizes and admits that it is so well built that it lasted for over 2000 years.
Humans for ages have been building shelters and buildings using different types of building
systems. For centuries, the traditional building system has been used for almost all types of
buildings. The mechanized building system was later introduced and adopted in many developing
countries. Nowadays, countries are tending to lean into a far more developed system due to the
many advantages it offers; that building system is the industrialized building system. But what
exactly differentiates the industrialized building system from the other two systems and what
advantages does it offer? This paper will briefly introduce the traditional and mechanized building
systems to compare them later with the industrialized building construction system and show the
reasoning behind countries adapting this system.
1.1 General terms in building systems
To introduce the mentioned systems, a brief definition of a building system is needed. Merritt and
Ricketts (2000) defined a building as "an assemblage that is firmly attached to the ground and that
provides total or nearly total shelter for machines, processing equipment, performance of human
activities, storage of human possessions, or any combination of these." Merritt and Ricketts (2000)
expressed building design as the process of providing the information required for the construction
of a building that meets the owner's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2.1 Traditional building

Design Of Precast Structural Elements
CHAPTER 6
DESIGN OF PRECAST STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
6.1 Preamble
The precast structural components are manufactured off or on the sites, transported to the site and
with suitable handling and erection procedures, they are assembled so as to form a structural system.
The design should cater to the conditions encountered during the various stages of construction. The
Different types of precast elements manufactured are listed below. Floor and Roof units: Hollow
core slabs, Double T, Single T, and Precast Planks. Precast Beam & Girders: can be rectangular, L,
inverted T, I and U shapes. They are usually prestressed with projecting stirrups. Precast Decked
Slab Beams: Reduce number of beams, eliminate cast–in–place concrete, rapid installation, Shallow
superstructure. Precast concrete columns: may be single or multiple storey height Precast wall
panels: Non–load–bearing panel (cladding), Load–bearing panel: Solid, Hollow core, Ribbed,
Sandwich
In this study design of a few precast elements such as Hollow core floor units, RC load bearing solid
wall, columns with corbels are considered. The designs are automated using semi–automation tools
available in EXCEL. These are presented in the following sections.
6.2 Design of Hollow Core Units
This is a precast and prestressed concrete elements with continuous voids to reduce the self–weight.
They are immensely used as roof o floor deck systems. They are used as spandrel members, bridge
deck and wall panels units. Slabs are

Dover Air Force Base's Blending Case Study
Delaware (January 2016) – Commissioned by Versar, Inc., lead contractor for Dover Air Force
Base's $98.3 million runway repair project, Oldcastle Precast supplied six hundred custom–made,
precast concrete box culverts to rebuild the stormwater drainage system, at runway 01/19, to
handled storm events effectively, through a larger, stronger stormwater conveyance system.
The aged, worn, and undersized drainage system, consisting of hundreds of feet of reinforced
concrete pipe, allowing flow under the runways and taxiways, resulted in stormwater accumulation
in and around the runway and entire airfield, during larger events. When a large amount of standing
water is on the runway and an aircraft goes through it, it can move a large amount of water ... Show
Each section of the culvert was then placed, cinched, tarred, covered with dirt, and compacted to
ensure storm water does not leak and is effectively drained off the airfield.
"This represents the largest stormwater drainage contract completed by the Telford, PA plant. "said
Mike Grapsy, Regional General Manager for Oldcastle Precast. "Telford was uniquely qualified to
deliver on a project of this scope."
Dover Air Force Base's runway repair project scope of work includes replacing the 1.8–mile long,
north–south runway, 01–19, reconstructing the runway drainage systems, re–routing the fuel supply
line, and replacing the medium voltage line.
Completion of the runway repair project is scheduled for June 2016.
Dover AFB, serving the Air Force for over 60 years, is the largest military aerial port in the world,
servicing our warfighters world–wide but particularly our operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Dover
is home to the 436th Airlift Wing with its 3rd Airlift Squadron's C17 Globemaster IIIs and the 9th
Airlift Squadron's C5 Galaxy aircraft providing a significant amount of the United States' out–sized
airlift capability. Additionally, Dover is home to the Charles C. Carson Center for Mortuary Affairs,
the point of return for our fallen

The Tipages And Advantages Of Calcium Silicate Bricks
Calcium silicate bricks are also called sand lime. They are often confused with concrete bricks but
these are much harder and would not scrape quite so easily. Calcium silicate bricks are
manufactured by mixing lime, sand or crushed silicaceous together, with enough water to allow the
mixture completely hydrated to be moulded under high pressure. The bricks are then moved in and
steam in autoclaved for three to fourteen hours to speed the chemical hardening. Pigments can be
added during the mixing stage. In their natural state, calcium silicate bricks are white to a creamy
off–white colour, but the addition of ochres (buff or cream colours), iron oxides (pink, red, brown or
black) or chrome oxide (green) can enable a very wide variety of colours to be produced. It easily to
cut thus increase its workable. The weight of calcium silicate bricks is light than clay brick, the
density is about in 200–1000kg/m3, but it is rigid and sustainable for use of building material.
Environmentally, the calcium silicate bricks are energy conservation, demand only half of the
energy needed to manufacture the equivalent number of clay ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Due to it have low thermal conductivity that to transmit heat in tiny air spaces separated and very
little ultraviolet radiation is able to pass through it so give calcium silicate bricks its effective
insulating high temperature characteristics. Other than that, it is popularly considered an asbestos
substitute that low specific heat, uses of calcium silicate bricks for thermal insulation on the
building. It may improve occupant health because the bricks can resist the sunlight or ultraviolet
radiation direct contact with occupant and keeping building cooler. The air cooling condition system
can be reduce or removed hence helping to minimize energy consumption and lower energy bills to
become a green building. Less energy consumption also can protect our

What Are The Disadvantages Of Concrete
In 2005, H Azamirad et al published a paper "A criticism of Self–Compacting Concrete" which talks
about the problems in using SCC such as segregation and roles of different materials which affect it.
It talks about the economic problems too. Finally it says about some projects which are executed
with SCC. This paper helped in identifying the disadvantages of using SCC.
In 1990, T.H. Cooke wrote a book "Concrete Pumping and Spraying: A practical guide". This book
is related to pumping operations of concrete. A nomograph is suggested by this book which is used
for determining the working power required for conventional concrete and SCC so that costing can
be done. It explains the graph and tells the method of usage.
In 2014, CPWD published ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Pumping operations will require less energy as it possesses flow able properties. Further due to its
flowing nature speed of construction will be increased. Rapid rate of concrete placement is possible
decreasing the placing time. Reduction in site manpower is achieved in various stages like faster
pumping requires less manpower hours, reduction of vibration needs negligible manpower, smooth
surface obtained from SCC needs less labor for finishing purposes, if SCC is placed properly then
there are negligible bug–holes and patches on surface thus reducing the manpower demand. The
construction process becomes more productive which is evident by the fact that the truck has to wait
for less time for unloading of SCC and can go early thus improving the productivity. Also the
service life of vibration equipment and formwork will increase. Due to elimination of vibration to
consolidate the mixture, the forms used in the precast operations will receive less wear and tear,
decreasing the regular maintenance costs and costs of investing in new forms. SCC also shows high
early strength allowing early removal of formwork thus increasing

Highly Documented Comparisons and Measurements of...
The comparison of measurement and prediction of prestress losses in prestressed members is highly
documented in literature. Hale et al. (2006) studied the prestress losses behavior of girders subjected
to increased fiber stresses. They concluded that the previous AASHTO LRFD Specifications
equations (2004) overestimated the prestress losses by roughly 50%. It was found that the NCHRP
Report 496 (Tadros et al., 2003) equations predicted the losses to within an average of 6%.
Currently, there have been quite a few investigations on empirical models for prestress losses for
HSC. In a study conducted by Kowalsky et al. (2001) on several HPC bridge girders in North
Carolina to determine the prestress losses of HPC girders. The researchers found shrinkage losses
were a small component of the overall prestress losses and that the elastic shortening and creep
losses were the main contributors. These larger than expected losses from elastic shortening and
creep were because of a predicted modulus of elasticity that was higher than actual. The total
prestress losses ranged from 12.9% to 19.1% of the initial jacking stress. In an investigation
conducted by Tadros et al. (2003), seven full–scale bridge girders were instrumented in Washington,
Texas, Nebraska and New Hampshire to determine the prestress losses of HPC girders. The total
prestress losses measured were found to be lower than the AASHTO LRFD (1998) model. Modiﬁed
expressions were proposed to AASHTO and later adopted in

Concrete Paper
CONCRETE ASSIGNMNET 1
Concrete Project Report
Introduction
We were requested to write a report for a client that are looking to build a new parking garage in the
Bloemfontein area. The client also requsted from us to not just advise him/her on what type of
concrete to be used, but also to give him/her a broad understanding of the different types of
concrete. Some of the aspects that will be discussed in this report are as follows:
1. Special concrete and its application
2. Admixtures
3. Types of extenders
This report will also contain our detailed recommendation in the form of foundation, floor slabs,
columns and beams. It is important to look at the soil conditions and weather conditions for example
temperature and other factors that could have an negative effect on the concrete. Before doing the
design and classifying the concrete to be used a site investigation should be done and testes required
should be carried out. The design has a massive impact on the concrete that would be used. For the
purpose of this report I would assume a site with good soil and no clayed partials were found.
Before we start we should get a better understanding of what concrete is its positives and negatives
its strengths and its weaknesses.
Strength of concrete is dependent on a number of factors; one of the most important factors is the
cement water ratio. The lower the ratio is, the higher the final strength of the concrete would be.
Typical values for this ratio

A Brief Note On Nanoparticles And Its Effect On The...
2.3.4.3 Nanomaterials
Nanoparticles (NPs) have recently received special attention because of their better performance
when compared with traditional mineral additions. The addition of NPs can improve the properties
of concrete due to the effect that the increased surface area has on reactivity and through ﬁlling the
NPs of the cement paste. Some of these nano particles include Silicon dioxide, Copper oxide, Zinc
peroxide, Titanium dioxide. The addition of silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide NPs improves the
consistency of SCC mixes. Less bleeding and segregation are also observed in the SCC mixes
containing these NPs. Also the addition of silicon dioxide or titanium dioxide NPs lead to a higher
T50 time, which can be expected to improve the segregation resistance. Jalal et al. (2012, 2013). The
incorporation of silicon dioxide NPs increases the V–funnel times of SCC mixes. Madandoust et al.
(2011).
2.3.5 Production of SCC
The production of self–consolidating concrete consists of limiting the coarse aggregate content to
about 50 % or less of the solid volume, limiting its maximum size to 20mm and using lower water to
powder ratios together with appropriate superplasticizers. (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003).
2.3.5.1 Mix Design Methods for SCC
Self–consolidating concrete mixes can be designed and used in concrete elements with both normal
and dense reinforcement. The coarse aggregate size for reinforced concrete generally varies from 10
mm to 20 mm. For a mix to qualify as

A Study on the Perceptions of Clients, Contractors and...
1. Response Rate and Category: The main survey questionnaire was personally handed over to the
respondents. It was distributed to 50 carefully selected construction industry professionals
representing Clients, Contractors and consultants. Completed forms were requested to be collected
later. Over a period of time after distributing the questionnaire, 38 responses were received and the
composition of the respondents is given in Figure 2. Fig.2 Response Rate and Category 2.
Respondent's Designation: Most (48%) of the respondents came from the top management level,
which is good for an Opinion–based survey analysis. Project Manager (21%) and other middle
management personnel (31%) have rest of the share among other designations. This is good ... Show
Fig.5 Respondent's Knowledge Level 5. Source of Knowledge: The respondents were asked to
mention the sources which assisted them to understand precast construction or created awareness
about precast construction. In field was the most sought option (38%), followed by
Newspaper/Magazine (22%) and Self Study (19%). Only (13%) share is of college curriculum
which shows mirror to the level of practical knowledge being taught in our institutions. Rest is
Advertisement by private construction (7%) and Government Advertisement/Promotional programs
(1%). It is quite evident that both Government and the precast manufacturers have failed to create
awareness about precast construction. Fig.6 Source of Knowledge 6. Perception of Precast
Construction Technology: 6.1 Advantages of Precast Construction Technology: As seen in the figure
4.6.1.1, most of the respondents agreed that precast construction technology produces very high
quality products compared to conventional method of construction (87%). Possibly, due to the fact
that precast products are produced in a controlled environment in a casting yard or in a factory with
better monitoring. Also, precast construction is perceived as a construction method which reduces
overall cost of the project only if the moulds are used repeatedly (84%). Also, 89% of respondents
agreed that construction schedules can be better controlled if precast construction is utilized. Half

Ancient Roman Dwellings Evolved Architecturally In Time
Ancient Roman dwellings evolved architecturally in time from simple huts in the earliest times, to
sophisticated and extremely long–lived structures in the later Republic and Imperial Rome following
the annexation of the Greek city–states. This is very evident in many Italian and Greek cities where
archaeologists have found different occupational levels, with each lower architectural strata being
much more ancient (Lavan, Özgenel, & Sarantis, 2007). Typically, however, Roman architecture
refers to the period from the establishment of the Roman Republic (6 century BC) to the relocation
of the capital to Constantinople in 330AD. An architectural period supported by two great
innovations: the cement and the arch.
The Romans adopted the lime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Wealthier people had much more elaborated houses, with multiple rooms, courtyards, gardens, and
pools. This architecture provided security but also private open space for family recreation. We can
get a glimpse of how livable these houses where from surviving specimens in old villages in
Mediterranean islands, like Crete, that also preserve the Roman family structure of pater familias, in
which three or four generations live together under the leadership of the oldest male. While each
sub–family has its own quarters, they all share the courtyard and dinner. The pre–school cousins,
and any domestic animals, play together safely all day long in the enclosed courtyard, under the
supervision of the grandparents. Such an arrangement not only pools the resources but, also, free the
parents for working outside. In such a semi–coenobitic life–style, the distinction between siblings
and cousins is not as clear–cut as in Western societies. However, the Roman domus also housed the
servants and slaves.
However, just like today, the vast majority of the Roman urbanites lived in cramped, multi–story
apartment buildings called insulae. Even so, rich and poor people did not live segregated ghettos;
luxurious domi and shabby insulae were intermingled in the cities. At first, these buildings were
made with timber, and mud brick; however, the concrete allowed the Roman tenement buildings to
reach new heights, with some being seven stories

Skeleton Construction System
Faculty of engineering
Department of Architecture
ENAR 335
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 3
PRECAST SKELETON CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
Done By: Dina Khouri 1090999 Islam Hijazi 1080984 Marian Shomali 1090213
Instructed by: Dr. Mohammad Abd–al–hadi
Date:
Precast Concrete
Every construction material and system has its own characteristics which to a greater or lesser
extend influence the layout, span length, construction depth, stability system, etc. This is also the
case for precast concrete, not only in comparison to steel, wood and masonry structures, but also
with respect to cast in–situ concrete. Theoretically, all joints between the precast units could be
made in such a way ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structural system7:
The system consists of L–shaped and T–shaped frame units placed on top of each other.Simply
supported floor slabs span between the frames.
The frame units are placed simply supported on the base and on top of each other hinged
connections are made between the frame units as pin–joints at the mid–span of the beams.
Structural system 8: The system shown is formed by H–shaped frames with cantilever beam. Slabs
are simpley supported by spanning them from beam to beam.
The connections between the H–shaped frames are formed as pin–joints at the mid–hieght of the
columns and between the cantilevers beams.
All rigid joints are made as an integrated part of the fram units. Slabs span from frame to fram.
Structural system 9:
The system consists of unspliced four–storey high continuous columns with cantilever attachements
for supporting the beams. Floor slabs are simpley supported on the beams.

The columns are restrained at their bases. Beams are simply supported on column–attachements.all
rigid joints are made as integrated parts of the columns.
For Horizontal Loads:
Braced skeletal system
–stability is provided by shear walls,shear cores or other bracing systems.
–the base may be pinned or moment resisting connections.
–beam–column connections may be rigid or pinned.
Behavior of structure
This Figure describes the

The North Gower Coast
The site is located on the North Gower Coast, on the edge of National Trust Land, occupying an
elevated position. There were three buildings on the site, the old school house, the main house which
is demolished and replaced in the design, and a barn. The highly sensitive rural location prompted
the architects to arrange the volumes over three stepped wings, set into the slope of the hill instead
of on the hill, in order to minimize the visual impact. Applying this fragmented layout, the dwelling
successfully managed to reduce its volume to the minimum that it can only be seen in its entirely
only from the air. From ground level only fragments are visible at any one time.
Exposed on the northern, eastern and southern sides, backed against and cut into rising land to the
west, the main façades of the three wings is facing due east, catching dramatic 270°panoramic
views. The wings are also made to follow the contours of the hill to make a more seamless
conjunction with the landscape.
2.2 Materials
The clients required to have a sustainable, low maintenance and lifelong home, so the architects
employed reinforced in–situ concrete as the main material for the dwelling, which is also used
generally in the local farm building. Another predominant material used is Corten/weathered steel,
of which the reddish–orange brown colour tones perfectly with the bracken that covers some of the
nearby fields. The weathering process happens through time makes the steel a 'living' material

Common Forms Of Low Rise Construction Used For Domestic...
P1 Understand common forms of low rise construction used for domestic and commercial properties
Steel frame:
Steel frame structures are made as the name suggest from steel, the material is strong and flexible.
When weight is added it bends without cracking. Another characteristic of steel is that its plasticity
or ductility, meaning that when force is added it won't crack however it will lose shape therefore
giving warning for people to evacuate the building. A disadvantage of steel is that is loses strength
when subject to fire. Studies have shown that it can loose up– to half its strength when subject to
fire, therefore making it imperative to cover the steel with boards or spray on.
Steel construction is used in
High rise building because of its strength, light weight and the speed in which it can be constructed.
Industrial buildings and warehouse buildings because of the ability to create large span spaces at a
low cost
Temporary structure as its quick to set up and remove.
Steel fabrication: this is when steel is cut to the desire length generally on site and then weld them
together to create the final building. This is generally labor intensive however it can reduce time.
Bolted steel construction: this is when the main bulk of the construction is pre made at the workshop
then bolted into place on site. This tends to be the preferred methods as it saves time and money as
well having the right working conditions.
Advantages of steel structures
Very

Combination Padlock Research Paper
Description of a Combination Padlock General Description Combination padlocks are most
commonly used anywhere that provide lockers. There are many different brands of combination
padlocks but each of them are roughly the same design they can be as simple or as complexed as
wanted. This lock is simple to use and has very few parts. Usually when using a combination
padlock you will have a set of three random numbers to dial in. The highest number that the
combination will go to is 35 and the lowest number is zero. Figure 1: Parts of a combination padlock
Sources: "How to Use Your Master Combination Padlock." Locker & Lock Blog. N.p., 12 Sept.
2012. Web. 25 Feb. 2016. Shackle: The shackle is a thick metal upside "U" shape. One end of the
shackle is placed securely inside the lock, and can not be removed. The other end of the shackle lifts
about a half of an inch above the padlock when unlocked. If unlocked the shackle can spin around in
a 180 degree motion. If the padlock in locked the other end of the shackle is then placed securely
inside the lock. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The indicator points to the number that has been selected, in order to make the selection visibly
clear. To unlock the padlock each of the three random numbers with be stopped directly under the
indicator, or the padlock will not open. Dial: The dial is a black circle that you turn in order to
unlock the padlock. The dial is numbered from zero to thirty–five with small ticks' indicating the
other numbers in–between. The dial also has a small nob that only the thumb and the index finger
can fit on. This nob is a part of the dial that helps the user fully turn it to the indicator. The dial can
either be turned clockwise (to the right) or counter clockwise (to the

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