different between DNA & RNA

1. DNA,GENES AND
HEREDITY
Block 4,Case 2
Pbl G5
2017

2. OBJECTIVES
1. Define DNA,its function and locations
2. Explain the structure and function of nucleotides
3. Describe Nucleic acids and explain the relationship with nucleotides
4. Explain the chemical structure of nucleic acids
5. Explain the DNA double helix structure
6. Describe genes, its function and types and define the terms translation and
transcription
7. Describe DNA sequence in chromosomes
8. Describe DNA assembly
9. Describe heredity

3. DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a type of macromolecule
known as a nucleic acid. It is shaped like a twisted double
helix and is composed of long strands of alternating
sugars and phosphate groups, along with nitrogenous
bases (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine).

4. DNA LOCATION
DNA is organized into structures called chromosomes and
housed within the nucleus of our cells..

5. Function of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
1- give genetic instruction to organic beings.
2- DNA stores information to tell cells how to function, passing it on to the next
generation of life through cells. It also helps in development.

6. NUCLEOTIDE

7. Nucleotide
Function:
1- Nucleotides have a variety of roles in cellular metabolism.
2- They are the energy currency in metabolic transactions,
3- The essential chemical links in the response of cells to hormones and
other extracellular stimuli
4- The structural components of an array of enzyme
cofactors and metabolic intermediates.
5- They are the constituents of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

8. NUCLEIC ACID
● The nucleic acids are the building blocks of living organisms.
● They are molecules that allow organisms to transfer genetic
information from one generation to the next.
● They are the polynucleotides having high molecular weight. The
monomeric unit of which is nucleotide.
● All the types of NA’s work together to help cells replicate and build
proteins.

9. Types and function of Nucleic Acids:
1) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
● Occurs in nucleus as well as cell organelles like chloroplast and mitochondria.
● It stores genetic information and control protein synthesis in cell by RNA.
2) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
● May be found in nucleus but mainly occurs in cytoplasm
● Directly synthesize specific proteins.

10. The relation between Nucleic acids and Nucleotides
● Nucleic acids contain genetic information and enable synthesis of proteins.
Nucleotides are used to make Nucleic Acids.
● Nucleotides are the subunit that is polymerized (connected into a long chain)
to make nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
● Nucleotides consist of three smaller components: a ribose sugar, a
nitrogenous base, and phosphate group(s).
● Nucleotides are the monomers that make up a nucleic acid, such as DNA or
RNA.

11. NUCLEIC ACIDS
Nucleic acids are molecules that allow organisms to transfer genetic
information from one generation to the next. There are two types of
nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (better known as DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (better known as RNA).

12. What Are Nucleic Acids Made Of?
The building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acid chains are nucleotides. Nucleotides themselves, however,
are composed of three simpler units: a base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate.
1- Base :
Thus both DNA and RNA contain four bases: two pyrimidines and two purines. For DNA, the bases are A,
G, C, and T; for RNA, the bases are A, G, C, and U.

13. What Are Nucleic Acids Made Of?
2. Sugars
The sugar component of RNA is D-ribose .In DNA, it is 2-deoxy-D-ribose
3. Phosphate
When this group forms a phosphate ester bond with a nucleoside, the result is a
compound known as a nucleotide.

14. What Are Nucleic Acids Made Of?
Summary:
A nucleoside = Base + Sugar
A nucleotide = Base + Sugar + Phosphate
A nucleic acid = A chain of nucleotides .

19. Genes
Definition :The study of the relationships between genes and enzymes, specifically
the role of genes in controlling the steps in biochemical pathways.
Function : Gene which are made up of DNA, act as instructions to make
molecules called proteins.

20. Dominant Gene
A dominant gene is a segment of DNA information that is used to make
chromosomes. Dominant genes are a result of dominant alleles in chromosomes.
When an allele is dominant it is expressed in the phenotype over a recessive
allele. The phenotype is what chromosome is present in the organism. So a
person with a dominant allele for brown hair and a recessive allele for red hair (this
combination is identified in genetic notation as "Br") will have brown hair.

21. Recessive Gene
A Recessive Gene is a gene that carries information in the DNA, i.e., hair, skin or
eye color, blood types, straight or curly hair, etc. but is hidden (not visibly present).
A child inherits only half of their DNA information from each parent and in this
combination generally display the dominant genes they received. If they inherited
only recessive genes for some trait, that is the trait that is displayed. This is why
siblings can look very different from one another and why a person with two
brown-eyed parents can be born with blue eyes (brown eye gene is dominant,
blue eye gene is recessive) if they inherited a recessive blue eye gene from each
parent.

22. Transcription & Translation.
The process by which DNA is copied to RNA is called transcription, and that by
which RNA is used to produce proteins is called translation.
1 - DNA (transcription) RNA
2 - when RNA leaving the cytoplasm it’s called (mRNA).
3 - (mRNA) will go to the ribosome , where it become a
protein.

23. Compaction Levels of DNA Chains
● If a human DNA molecule were fully stretched out, its length would be
perhaps 1 m.
● The DNA molecules in the nuclei are not stretched out, but rather coiled as
nucleoprotein
● A high degree of compaction is necessary in order to store the long DNA
molecules within cells
● The 1 meter long DNA has to be packed into a nucleus of 10 μm diameter
● Since DNA cannot be directly packed into the final dense structure of
chromatin, hence proteins contribute to organization, most abundant are
histone proteins.
● Histones are small basic proteins which are involved in the first packaging
level of DNA.

25. Compaction Levels of DNA Chains
● Histones are rich in the
positively charged
amino acids lysine and
arginine, binding tightly
to the negatively
charged DNA by
electrostatic (ionic)
forces, forming units
called nucleosomes.
● The nucleosomes are
linked by a short stretch
of ‘linker’ DNA

26. ● A continuous string of
nucleosomes forms a 10 nm
filament.
● At the center of this nucleosome
core particle, there is an
octameric complex of histone
proteins, resembling a small
cylinder
● 240 bp of DNA are organized
per nucleosome
● Next,the 10 nm fiber of
nucleosomes forms a
left-handed hollow helix of 6
nucleosomes per turn, the 30 nm
chromatin filaments

27. ● They have the shape of a solenoid
● The solenoids are compacted
further to form looped DNA
domains. Each loop is 300 nm long
and contains about 50 solenoid
turns
● Loop domains are thought to be the
basic unit of higher order DNA
structure in all eukaryotic cells.
● During mitosis the loop domains
are further packaged to form a 250
nm fiber, which coils to form the
arms of a metaphase chromosome

29. DNA assembly
The process of putting fragments of DNA that have been sequenced into their
correct chromosomal positions. The pieces of DNA are assembled to reconstitute
the sequence of the chromosome from which they came.
DNA sequence assembly is a process through which short DNA sequence
fragments (called reads or samples) are merged into a longer DNA sequence in
the attempt to reconstruct the original DNA sequence.
The longer sequence resulted from sequence assembly is called a 'contig'
sequence. During sequence assembly the short DNA fragments may also be
aligned to a reference sequence in order to see the differences between the
contig sequence obtained and the reference sequence.

31. HEREDITY
Heredity refers to the genetic transmission of traits from parents to offspring.
Heredity helps explain why children tend to resemble their parents, as well as how
a genetic disease runs in a family. Some genetic conditions are caused by
mutations in a single gene. These conditions are usually inherited in one of
several straightforward patterns, including autosomal dominant, autosomal
recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive, codominant, and mitochondrial
inheritance patterns. Complex disorders and multifactorial disorders are caused by
a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These disorders may cluster
in families, but do not have a clear-cut pattern of inheritance.

32. Types of Inheritance
1. Dominant
A dominant character or trait is when only one of the two recipes is
expressed, be it the mother’s or the father’s, with one dominating over the
other
2. Recessive-When both recipes are identical and are present twice
3. Co-dominant-When both recipes are expressed at the same time with the
same intensity
4. Intermediate
when both recipes are expressed at the same time but the resulting character
or trait is an intermediate expression of both, because neither dominates over
the other

33. REFRENCES
Books
● Lehninger_principles_of_biochemistry_4th.ed
● Introduction to organic and biochemistry,7th-edition, page 396-399
● · biochemical pathways An atlas of biochemistry and molecular biology, gerhard michal 2nd edition
● Introduction-to-organic-and-biochemistry-7th-edition
.

34. REFRENCES
Websites
● http://www.compoundchem.com/2015/03/24/dna/
● http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/aminoacids/dna1.html
● http://lagenetica.info/en/life/types-of-inheritance/
● http://web.chem.ucla.edu/~harding/notes/notes_14C_nucacids.pdf
● http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Chemistry/Rizzo/Chem220b/Ch28.pdf
● http://myhome.sunyocc.edu/~weiskirl/nucleotides_nucleicacid.htm
● https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene
● https://www.alleydog.com/glossary/definition.php?term=Dominant%20Gene
● http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=16834
● http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=16834
● https://www.reference.com/science/function-dna-human-body-78e670164570498
● https://www.thoughtco.com/dna-373454
● http://www.agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=4&topicid=1573
● http://www.chem4kids.com/files/bio_nucleicacids.html