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THE COST TO
NIGERIANS
NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
(1999 – 2015)
The Nigerian law makers (National Assembly (NASS) –
the Senate and the House of Representatives) are
regarded as the most expensive in the world.
This is actually ironic; a poor Nation with the most
expensive law makers! While the word ‘Expensive’ may
be subjective and relative; what one derive from
expensive purchase would normally justify such
expenditure.
WHAT HAS NIGERIA BENEFITTED FROM THE
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SINCE 1999?
This presentation explores budgetary allocations to the
National Assembly since 1999 till date, and compares it
with States Budgets, Federal Ministries & Agencies
Budgets, as well as determine its ranking on a national
budget scale
THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
NASS
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
SENATE
109 MEMBERS
REPS
360 MEMBERS
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (NASS)
The National Assembly comprises of the Senate and the House of
Representatives.
The Senate is one of the Chambers in Nigeria’s bicameral legislature, the National
Assembly. The National Assembly (NASS) is the nation's highest legislature, whose
power to make laws is summarized in chapter one, section 4 of the 1999 Nigerian
Constitution. Sections 47-49 of the 1999 Constitution state inter alia that "There shall
be a National Assembly (NASS) for the federation which shall consist of two chambers:
the Senate and the House of Representatives". The Senate is headed by the President
of the Senate assisted by the Deputy President of the Senate. These Presiding officers
serve as political heads.
There are 109 Senators in the Senate, 3 each from each of the 36 States of the
Federation and 1 representing the Federal Capital Territory. However, irrespective of
size, the Senate is based on equal representation of the States of the federation. The
presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate and is assisted by the
Deputy President. There are other Principal Officers of the Senate which include: the
Majority Leader, Chief Whip, Deputy Majority Leader, Deputy Chief Whip, Minority
Leader, Minority Whip, Deputy Minority Leader and Deputy Minority Whip. In
addition, there are 54 Standing Committees in the Senate chaired by Committee
Chairmen.
ABOUT THE SENATE
SENATE COMPOSITIONS
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (NASS)
The House of Representatives is the 2nd Chambers in Nigeria’s bicameral legislature,
the National Assembly. The National Assembly (NASS) is the nation's highest
legislature, whose power to make laws is summarized in chapter one, section four of
the 1999 Nigerian Constitution. Sections 47-49 of the 1999 Constitution state inter alia
that "There shall be a National Assembly (NASS) for the federation which shall consist
of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives". The House of
Representatives is headed by the Speaker assisted by the Deputy Speaker. These
Presiding officers serve as political heads.
There are 360 members of the House of Representatives elected based on
proportional representation of population of each of the 360 States of the Federation
and the Federal Capital Territory. The presiding officer of the House of Representatives
is the Speaker and is assisted by the Deputy Speaker. There are other Principal Officers
of the House which includes: the House Majority Leader, Chief Whip, Deputy Majority
Leader, Deputy Chief Whip, Minority Leader, Minority Whip, Deputy Minority Leader
and Deputy Minority Whip. In addition, there are 84 Standing Committees in the
House of Representatives chaired by Committee Chairmen
ABOUT THE HOUSE
HOUSE COMPOSITIONS
THE NASS OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS
The oversight function of the legislature in Nigeria finds legislative importance in
Section 88, Sub-sections 1(a)-(b) and 2(a)-(b) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria which provides that
1. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, “each House of the National Assembly
shall have power by resolution published in its journal or in the Official Gazette of the
Government of the Federation to direct or cause to be directed an investigation into
–
(a) any matter or thing with respect to which it has power to make laws; and
(b) the conduct of affairs of any person, authority, ministry or government
department charged, or intended to be charged, with the duty of or
responsibility for –
I. executing or administering laws enacted by the National Assembly, and
II. disbursing or administering moneys appropriated or to be appropriated by
the National Assembly”.
2. The powers conferred on the National Assembly under the provisions of the
section are exercisable only for the purpose of enabling it to –
(a) make laws with respect to any matter within its legislative competence and
correct any defects in existing laws; and
(b) expose corruption, inefficiency or waste in the execution or administration of
laws within its legislative competence and in the disbursement or administration
of funds appropriated by it”.
THE NASS OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS
The Constitution confers exclusive powers to the Senate among
them –
 The power to scrutinize and confirm major appointments of
the executive. Specifically, the appointments of
 Ministers,
 Special Advisers,
 Ambassadors,
 Top Judicial Officers heading specified levels of courts,
 The Auditor-General of the Federation, and
 The Chairmen and Members of the vital National Commissions.
Both Chambers have broad oversight functions to establish committees of
its members to scrutinize bills and the conduct of government institutions
and officials. The House of Representatives is also empowered by the
Constitution to legislate on Exclusive, Concurrent and Residual lists.
AMONGST MANY FUNCTIONS OF THE LAW MAKERS; THIS
STANDS OUT – TO SCRUTINIZE BILLS AND ESTABLISH LAWS.
HOW WELL HAVE THEY PERFORMED IN THIS REGARD?
THE NASS COMMITTEES – SENATE
NO. COMMITTEE
1 Agriculture & Rural Development
2 Air Force
3 Approriation
4 Aviation
5 Banking,Insurance and Other Financial Institutions
6 Capital Markets
7 Communications
8 Cooperation and Integration in Africa and NAPED
9 Culture And Tourism
10 Defence and Army
11 Drugs Narcotics and Financial Crimes
12 Education
13 Employment, Labour and Productivity
14 Environment and Ecology
15 Establishment and Public Service
16 Ethics, Code of Conduct & Public Petitions
17 Federal Capital Territory
18 Federal Character and Intergovernment Affairs
19 Finance
20 Foreign Affairs
21 Gas
22 Health
23 Housing
24 Independent National Electoral Commission
25 Industry
26 Interior Affairs
27 Inter-Parliamentary Affairs
28 Judiciary, Human Rights and Legal Matters
29 Land Transport
NO. COMMITTEE
30 Local and Foreign Debts
31 Marine Transport
32 MDGS
33 Media and Public Affairs
34 Nat. Planning, Economic Affairs & Poverty Alleviation
35 National Population & Identity Card
36 National Security and Intelligence
37 Navy
38 Niger Delta
39 Petroleum Downstream
40 Petroleum Upstream
41 Police Affairs
42 Power
43 Privatization
44 Public Accounts
45 Rules & Business
46 Science and Technology
47 Selection Committee
48 Senate Services
49 Solid Minerals
50 Special Duties
51 Sports and Social Development
52 States and Local Government
53 Trade and Investment
54 Water Resources
55 Women Affairs
56 Works
THE NASS COMMITTEES – HOUSE
NO. COMMITTEE
1 Agriculture
2 Aids, Loans and Debt Management
3 Air Force
4 Anti-Corruption, National Ethics & Value
5 Appropriations
6 Army
7 Aviation
8 Banking & Currency
9 Capital Market
10 Civil Society and Donor Agencies
11 Commerce
12 Communications
13 Constituency Outreach
14 Cooperation and Integration in Africa
15 Customs and Excise
16 Defence
17 Diaspora
18 Drugs, Narcotics & Financial Crimes
19 Education
20 Electoral Matters
21 Employment and Productivity
NO. COMMITTEE
22 Emergency & Disaster Preparedness
23 Environment and Ecology
24 Establishment & Public Services
25 Ethics & Privileges
26 FCT Area Councils and Ancillisary Matter
27 Federal Capital Territory
28 Federal Character
29 Finance
30 Foreign Affairs
31 Gas Resources
32 Governmental Affairs
33 HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria Control
34 House Services / Welfare
35 Housing and Habitat
36 Human Rights
37 Industries
38 Information & National Orientation Agency
39 Inter and Intra-Party Relations
40 Interior
41 Internal Security
42 Inter-Parliamentary Relations
THE NASS COMMITTEES – HOUSE
NO. COMMITTEE
43 Labour, Employment and Productivity
44 Lake Chad
45 Land Transport
46 Local & Foreign Debt
47 Local Content
48 Legislative Budget and Research
49 Marine Transport
50 Media/Public Affairs
51 Milliennium Development Goals
52 National Identity & National Population
53 National Planning and Economic Development
54 National Security & Intelligence
55 Navy
56 Niger Delta
57 Niger Delta Development Commission
58 Peace and National Reconciliation
59 Pension
60 Petroleum Resources (Down Stream
61 Petroleum Resources (Up Stream
62 Police Affairs
63 Poverty Alleviation
NO. COMMITTEE
64 Power
65 Privatization and Commercialization
66 Public Accounts
67 Public Petitions
68 Public Procurement
69 Public Safety and National Security
70 Public Service Matter
71 Rules & Business
72 Rural Development
73 Science & Technology
74 Solid Minerals Development
75 Special Duties
76 Sports and Social Development
77 States & Local Government Affairs
78 Steel
79 Trade and Investment
80 Treaties, Protocols and Agreements
81 Water Resources
82 Women in parliament
83 Works
84 Youth and Social Development
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET
Allocation to the National Assembly comes under different
headings. From 1999 to 2011, the budgets were distinctively
allocated in these categories –
 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OFFICE
 SENATE
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SERVICE COMMISSION
 LEGISLATIVE AIDES
 SENATE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
 HOUSE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
 GENERAL SERVICE OFFICE
PART C – RECURRENT EXPENDITURE
 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OFFICE
 SENATE
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
 NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SERVICE COMMISSION
 LEGISLATIVE AIDES
 SENATE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
 HOUSE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS
 GENERAL SERVICE OFFICE
PART D – CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
However, from 2012; the National Assembly budget is just
presented under a single heading – National Assembly – without
any detail. Other section where Budgets are allocated to the
National Assembly is under the Service-Wide Votes.
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET
YEAR NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
1999 2,204,150,000
2000 29,458,065,950
2001 15,488,000,000
2002 28,161,930,230
2003 23,347,116,582
2004 34,729,324,335
2005 55,432,457,558
2006 44,999,999,999
2007 60,000,000,000
2008 73,741,326,233
2009 123,192,333,760
2010 154,205,234,695
2011 150,000,000,000
2012 150,000,000,000
2013 150,000,000,000
2014 150,000,000,000
2015 227,000,000,000
14
NASS 2015
BUDGET IS
NOT N120Bn!
N227Bn
2015 APPROPRIATION
ACT
50,000,000,000
6,000,000,000
1,000,000,000
50,000,000,000
CODE
23050119
23050142
23050143
23050147
ITEM
OUTSTANDING COMMITMENTS ON 2014
CONSTITUENCY PROJECTS
CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL
INSTITUTE FOR LEGISLATIVE STUDIES
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY CLINIC
SPECIAL INTERVENTION/ CONSTITUENCY
PROJECTS
NASS MAIN BUDGET
= N120Bn
120 + 50 + 50 + 6 + 1 = N227Bn
SOURCE Document – 50. CRF Charges_Revised-V3 (FINAL).pdf
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET
YEAR NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TOTAL BUDGET %
1999 2,204,150,000 60,549,835,647 3.64
2000 29,458,065,950 470,009,971,781 6.27
2001 15,488,000,000 894,214,805,186 1.73
2002 28,161,930,230 1,064,801,253,520 2.64
2003 23,347,116,582 976,254,543,375 2.39
2004 34,729,324,335 1,790,848,344,588 1.94
2005 55,432,457,558 1,799,938,243,138 3.08
2006 44,999,999,999 1,876,302,363,351 2.40
2007 60,000,000,000 2,266,394,423,477 2.65
2008 73,741,326,233 2,492,076,718,937 2.96
2009 123,192,333,760 2,870,510,042,679 4.29
2010 154,205,234,695 4,608,616,278,213 3.35
2011 150,000,000,000 4,870,944,273,449 3.01
2012 150,000,000,000 4,749,100,821,170 3.16
2013 150,000,000,000 4,987,220,425,601 3.01
2014 150,000,000,000 4,642,960,000,000 3.23
2015 227,000,000,000 4,493,363,957,158 5.05
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET
 Total allocation to the National Assembly from
1999 to 2015 is N1,471,959,939,342.
 This comes to an average of N86,585,878,785.
 Total National Budget from 1999 to 2015 is
N44,914,106,301,270.
 Therefore, the National Assembly has shared
3.28% of the National budget.
 The Year 2000 NASS budget shared the largest
percentage with 6.27% of National Budget.
Since then, Year 2015 comes next with 5.05%
of National Budget.
17
THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY BUDGET
COMPARED TO
FEDERAL MINISTRIES
BUDGETS
THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY BUDGET
COMPARED TO
STATE
GOVERNMENTS’
BUDGETS
NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS
1999 BUDGET 2000 BUDGET
NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS
2001 BUDGET 2002 BUDGET
NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS
2003 BUDGET 2004 BUDGET
NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS
2005 BUDGET 2006 BUDGET
NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS
2007 BUDGET 2008 BUDGET
NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS
2009 BUDGET 2010 BUDGET
NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS
2011 BUDGET 2012 BUDGET
NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS
2013 BUDGET 2014 BUDGET
NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS
2015 BUDGET
YEAR NASS POSITION
1999 9TH
2000 3RD
2001 13TH
2002 9TH
2003 9TH
2004 9TH
2005 10TH
2006 10TH
2007 8TH
2008 9TH
2009 6TH
2010 8TH
2011 7TH
2012 7TH
2013 7TH
2014 6TH
2015 5TH
FEDERAL MINISTRIES PAY SALARIES &
ARE INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENTAL
PROJECTS, WHAT ABOUT THE
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?
NASS & STATE GOVERNMENTS’ BUDGETS
NASS & STATE GOVERNMENTS’ BUDGETS
NASS & STATE GOVERNMENTS’ BUDGETS
The National Assembly’s budget is more than the
Budgets of at least 18 States. The budget of a typical
state have the following components –
EBONYI BUDGET
2014
Ebonyi state with a population of about 3million in
2014 had a Budget of N99.8Bn; what is the population
of the National Assembly that had N150Bn in 2014?
QUESTIONS
WHAT IS THE BREAKDOWN OF THE
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET?
WHAT IS THE POPULATION OF THE
NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?
HOW MANY JOBS ARE CREATED BY
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?
HOW MANY SCHOOLS, ROADS,
HOSPITALS, ETC DO THEY BUILD?
HOW PRODUCTIVE
IS THE NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY?
#BILLS #BILLS
HOW PRODUCTIVE IS THE NASS?
The productivity of Nations, Persons, Groups, or
Entities can be measured by how well they meet
the requirements of their oversight functions and
responsibilities.
MAKE LAWS WITH RESPECT TO ANY MATTER
WITHIN ITS LEGISLATIVE COMPETENCE AND
CORRECT ANY DEFECTS IN EXISTING LAWS.
Since the National Assembly comprises of Law
Makers; it is given that Law Makers ought to make
laws. The Nigerian Constitution (1999), Section 88,
Sub-sections 2 (a), confers on the National
Assembly the power to –
HOW PRODUCTIVE IS THE NASS?
Therefore; the PRODUCTIVITY of the National
Assembly can partly be measured by how well it
performs in terms of its law making ability.
LAW MAKING PROCEDURE IN NASS
BILLS ACTSLegislative
Process
A bill which has passed through
the various legislative steps
required for it and which has
become law.
A BILL SHALL BECOME A LAW AFTER IT HAS GONE THROUGH THE LEGISLATIVE
PROCESS AND SIGNED INTO LAW BY THE PRESIDENT OF NIGERIA.
A first draft and proposed law or
statute which has been formally
tabled before a legislative
assembly for consideration.
EXECUTIVE
MEMBER PRIVATE
THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS
SPEAKER
PRESIDENT
Executive
Senator/Private
House/Private
BILL
EXCUTIVE
MEMBER
PRIVATE
House of Rep.is marked HB (House Bill) while the one from the Senate is marked SB (Senate Bill). An Executive bill is marked with "Executive"
printed on the title page of the bill -|- CMTT = Committee -|- For comprehensive The Legislative Process, refer to NASS Website HERE
CMTT –
RULES &
PROCEDURE
CMTT –
RULES &
BUSINESS
Bill
well
drafted
?
Re-drafting by
NASS Legal
GAZETTE FOR
READINGYES
NO
1
STAGE
CLERK OF BOTH CHAMBERS
READS THE SHORT TITLE OF BILL -
TO INFORM MEMBERS OF BILL
FIRST READING SECOND READING
Bill Sponsor
moves motion for
Bill to be read
which must be
seconded
States Bill’s OBJ,
General
Principle, Subject
Matter, & Benefits
Bill
Supported
?
COMMITTEE STAGE
NO
YES
CMTT OF THE
WHOLE HOUSE
STANDING
CMTT
PUBLIC HEARING
THIRD READING
2
Motion is
moved for the
Bill to be read
the third time.
Bill Accepted
Bill Amended
Bill rejected
Joint CMTT
On successful
deliberation,
the Nigerian
President
signs Bill into
Law.
If there is no
objection, the Bill
is PASSED!
Clerk cleans up
Bill and sends to
either Chamber
3 4IF AFTER 30 DAYS, THE NIGERIAN PRESIDENT DOES NOT SIGN A BILL, THE 2 CHAMBERS
CAN RECALL & RE-PASS IT. ON 2/3 MAJORITY VOTES, THE BILL BECOMES A LAW.
36
All bills must receive three readings before they can be passed into law and the readings
must be on different days. Some bills can receive accelerated consideration i.e. on the
same day based on their urgency and significance for government policy. In that case,
rules of the House/Senate are to be suspended for easy passage. Examples of such bill
that might receive accelerated hearings are the ones that are needed to enable the
president take urgent action on matters relating to national security.
WHAT IS THE
KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATOR
OF NASS?
KPI
KPI
HOW MANY BILLS HAVE
THEY PASSED INTO LAW?
#BILLS
#BILLS
1440
HOW MANY BILLS HAVE THEY DEBATED?
According to Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre (PLAC);
a total of 1079 Bills have been considered – House of
Representatives (693) and Senate (386). This is as
recorded from PLAC without much analysis.
TOTAL SENATORS
(1999 – 204)
436
TOTAL REPS.
(1999 – 204)
APPROXIMATELY, IT IS
0.8853211009174312
BILL PER SENATOR!!!
THIS SUM TOTAL OF LAW MAKERS IS ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT NO MEMBER WAS RETURNED
APPROXIMATELY, IT IS
0.48125
BILL PER HOUSE REP.!!!
HOW MANY BILLS IN ALL?
However; on analysis, with House Bills coded as HB and
Senate Bills as SB, these were the last Bills considered by
both Chambers – HB 780: National Agency on the
Great Green Wall (Establishment) Bill, 2015 and SB 547:
National Agency for the Great Green Wall (Est., etc.) Bill
2015.
THE POSSIBILITY HERE IS THAT SOME BILLS NEVER MADE IT TO THE FIRST READING.
HOUSE SENATE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
780
BILLS
547
BILLS
1327
BILLS
From 1327; 1079 bills (81%) made it to First Reading. The
remaining 248 jettisoned – would they be re-presented? 
HOW MANY BILLS GOT PASSED?
TOTAL BILLS R E A D I N G
1ST 2ND 3RD / Passed
1327 1079 479 123
248DIFF 600 356
81% 44% 26%%
36% 11%
9%
Bill - > 2nd | 1st - > Passed
Likelihood of a Bill being passed
SUMMARY OF BILLS
 Total Bills - 1327
 Bills that were considered for 1st reading - 1079
 % of Bills that were considered for 1st reading - 81%
 Bills that went through 1st to 2nd reading - 479
 % of Bills that went through 1st to 2nd reading - 44%
 % of Bills that went from conception to 2nd reading - 36%
 Bills that went through 2nd to 3rd reading - 123
 % of Bills that went through 2nd to 3rd reading - 26%
 % of Bills that went from 1st to 3rd reading - 11%
 % of Bills that went from conception to 3rd reading - 9%
THE PROBABILITY THAT A BILL
WOULD BECOME AN ACT IS: 9%
20 MOST PRODUCTIVE LEGISLATORS
SPONSOR(S) BILL
Hon. Ali Ahmad 31
Hon. Uzoma Nkem-Abonta 23
Sen. Victor Ndoma-Egba 20
Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila 16
Sen. Benedict A. Ayaade 15
Sen. Ita Enang 15
Hon. Emmanuel Jime 14
Sen. Ifeanyi A. Okowa 11
Sen. Smart Adeyemi 11
Hon. Karimi Sunday Steve 10
Hon. Raphael Igbokwe 10
Hon. Robinson Uwak 9
Sen. Domingo Obende 8
Hon. Godfrey Ali Gaiya 8
Hon. Leo Ogor 8
Sen. Ganiyu O. Solomon 8
Hon. O.K. Chinda 8
Sen. Benedict Ayade 8
Hon. Patrick Ikhariale 8
Hon. Nkeiruka Onyejeocha 7
PRODUCTIVITY IN TERMS OF NO. OF BILLS
SPONSOR(S) BILL ACT
Hon. Abubarkar Momoh & 18 others 2 2
Hon Mulikat Akande-Adeola 1 1
Hon. Samson Osagie 1 1
Sen. Uche Chukwumerije 1 1
Hon. Opeyemi Bamidele 24 Others 1 1
Sen. Dahiru A. Kuta & 49 Ors 1 1
Tijani Abdulkadir Jobe 1 1
Hon. Abike Dabiri-Erewa & 3 Others 1 1
Hon. Leo Ogor and 21 others 1 1
Hon. Yusuf Ayo Tajudeen 1 1
Hon. Aminu Shehu Shagari 1 1
Hon. Emeka Ikedioha 1 1
Hon. Ibrahim Shehu Gusau 1 1
Hon. Jisalo Bitrus Zaphaniah 4 3
Hon. Ogbuefi Ozomgbachi 4 3
Sen. Ike Ekweremadu 3 2
Sen. Paulinus N. Igwe 2 1
Sen. Babajide Omoworare 2 1
Hon. Albert Sam-Tsokwa & 21 others 2 1
Hon. Ali Ahmad 31 14
IN TERMS OF NO. OF BILLS PASSED
SUMMARY
Unfortunately, there is no enough data to determine
which of the Assembly (from 1999-2015) was more
productive in terms of their ability of taking a Bill through
the legislative process and making it become an Act.
IF THE BUSINESS OF LAW MAKERS IS TO MAKE
LAWS, AND WE ONLY HAVE 9% OF ALL BILLS
PASSED INTO LAW – HOW PRODUCTIVE IS THAT
CONSIDERING THE AMOUNT OF MONEY
EXPENDED ON THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?
IF THE COST OF LEGISLATION IS MORE THAN ITS
BENEFITS – IT’S EITHER #NASS INCREASE THEIR
PRODUCTIVITY OR REDUCE THE COST OF LEGISLATING!
Reference –
Independent National Electoral Commission
(INEC) - http://www.inecnigeria.org/1
The National Assembly - http://www.nassnig.org/2
Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre (PLAC) -
http://www.placng.org/3
Analysis by: Wale Micaiah
e: walegate@yahoo.com
m: 08078001800
w: www.statisense.com
w: www.walemicaiah.com
Freely share, freely use and freely
acknowledge the source – © Wale Micaiah

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The cost of federal legislation in nigeria

  • 2. The Nigerian law makers (National Assembly (NASS) – the Senate and the House of Representatives) are regarded as the most expensive in the world. This is actually ironic; a poor Nation with the most expensive law makers! While the word ‘Expensive’ may be subjective and relative; what one derive from expensive purchase would normally justify such expenditure. WHAT HAS NIGERIA BENEFITTED FROM THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SINCE 1999? This presentation explores budgetary allocations to the National Assembly since 1999 till date, and compares it with States Budgets, Federal Ministries & Agencies Budgets, as well as determine its ranking on a national budget scale
  • 5. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (NASS) The National Assembly comprises of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is one of the Chambers in Nigeria’s bicameral legislature, the National Assembly. The National Assembly (NASS) is the nation's highest legislature, whose power to make laws is summarized in chapter one, section 4 of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution. Sections 47-49 of the 1999 Constitution state inter alia that "There shall be a National Assembly (NASS) for the federation which shall consist of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives". The Senate is headed by the President of the Senate assisted by the Deputy President of the Senate. These Presiding officers serve as political heads. There are 109 Senators in the Senate, 3 each from each of the 36 States of the Federation and 1 representing the Federal Capital Territory. However, irrespective of size, the Senate is based on equal representation of the States of the federation. The presiding officer of the Senate is the President of the Senate and is assisted by the Deputy President. There are other Principal Officers of the Senate which include: the Majority Leader, Chief Whip, Deputy Majority Leader, Deputy Chief Whip, Minority Leader, Minority Whip, Deputy Minority Leader and Deputy Minority Whip. In addition, there are 54 Standing Committees in the Senate chaired by Committee Chairmen. ABOUT THE SENATE SENATE COMPOSITIONS
  • 6. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY (NASS) The House of Representatives is the 2nd Chambers in Nigeria’s bicameral legislature, the National Assembly. The National Assembly (NASS) is the nation's highest legislature, whose power to make laws is summarized in chapter one, section four of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution. Sections 47-49 of the 1999 Constitution state inter alia that "There shall be a National Assembly (NASS) for the federation which shall consist of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives". The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker assisted by the Deputy Speaker. These Presiding officers serve as political heads. There are 360 members of the House of Representatives elected based on proportional representation of population of each of the 360 States of the Federation and the Federal Capital Territory. The presiding officer of the House of Representatives is the Speaker and is assisted by the Deputy Speaker. There are other Principal Officers of the House which includes: the House Majority Leader, Chief Whip, Deputy Majority Leader, Deputy Chief Whip, Minority Leader, Minority Whip, Deputy Minority Leader and Deputy Minority Whip. In addition, there are 84 Standing Committees in the House of Representatives chaired by Committee Chairmen ABOUT THE HOUSE HOUSE COMPOSITIONS
  • 7. THE NASS OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS The oversight function of the legislature in Nigeria finds legislative importance in Section 88, Sub-sections 1(a)-(b) and 2(a)-(b) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria which provides that 1. Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, “each House of the National Assembly shall have power by resolution published in its journal or in the Official Gazette of the Government of the Federation to direct or cause to be directed an investigation into – (a) any matter or thing with respect to which it has power to make laws; and (b) the conduct of affairs of any person, authority, ministry or government department charged, or intended to be charged, with the duty of or responsibility for – I. executing or administering laws enacted by the National Assembly, and II. disbursing or administering moneys appropriated or to be appropriated by the National Assembly”. 2. The powers conferred on the National Assembly under the provisions of the section are exercisable only for the purpose of enabling it to – (a) make laws with respect to any matter within its legislative competence and correct any defects in existing laws; and (b) expose corruption, inefficiency or waste in the execution or administration of laws within its legislative competence and in the disbursement or administration of funds appropriated by it”.
  • 8. THE NASS OVERSIGHT FUNCTIONS The Constitution confers exclusive powers to the Senate among them –  The power to scrutinize and confirm major appointments of the executive. Specifically, the appointments of  Ministers,  Special Advisers,  Ambassadors,  Top Judicial Officers heading specified levels of courts,  The Auditor-General of the Federation, and  The Chairmen and Members of the vital National Commissions. Both Chambers have broad oversight functions to establish committees of its members to scrutinize bills and the conduct of government institutions and officials. The House of Representatives is also empowered by the Constitution to legislate on Exclusive, Concurrent and Residual lists. AMONGST MANY FUNCTIONS OF THE LAW MAKERS; THIS STANDS OUT – TO SCRUTINIZE BILLS AND ESTABLISH LAWS. HOW WELL HAVE THEY PERFORMED IN THIS REGARD?
  • 9. THE NASS COMMITTEES – SENATE NO. COMMITTEE 1 Agriculture & Rural Development 2 Air Force 3 Approriation 4 Aviation 5 Banking,Insurance and Other Financial Institutions 6 Capital Markets 7 Communications 8 Cooperation and Integration in Africa and NAPED 9 Culture And Tourism 10 Defence and Army 11 Drugs Narcotics and Financial Crimes 12 Education 13 Employment, Labour and Productivity 14 Environment and Ecology 15 Establishment and Public Service 16 Ethics, Code of Conduct & Public Petitions 17 Federal Capital Territory 18 Federal Character and Intergovernment Affairs 19 Finance 20 Foreign Affairs 21 Gas 22 Health 23 Housing 24 Independent National Electoral Commission 25 Industry 26 Interior Affairs 27 Inter-Parliamentary Affairs 28 Judiciary, Human Rights and Legal Matters 29 Land Transport NO. COMMITTEE 30 Local and Foreign Debts 31 Marine Transport 32 MDGS 33 Media and Public Affairs 34 Nat. Planning, Economic Affairs & Poverty Alleviation 35 National Population & Identity Card 36 National Security and Intelligence 37 Navy 38 Niger Delta 39 Petroleum Downstream 40 Petroleum Upstream 41 Police Affairs 42 Power 43 Privatization 44 Public Accounts 45 Rules & Business 46 Science and Technology 47 Selection Committee 48 Senate Services 49 Solid Minerals 50 Special Duties 51 Sports and Social Development 52 States and Local Government 53 Trade and Investment 54 Water Resources 55 Women Affairs 56 Works
  • 10. THE NASS COMMITTEES – HOUSE NO. COMMITTEE 1 Agriculture 2 Aids, Loans and Debt Management 3 Air Force 4 Anti-Corruption, National Ethics & Value 5 Appropriations 6 Army 7 Aviation 8 Banking & Currency 9 Capital Market 10 Civil Society and Donor Agencies 11 Commerce 12 Communications 13 Constituency Outreach 14 Cooperation and Integration in Africa 15 Customs and Excise 16 Defence 17 Diaspora 18 Drugs, Narcotics & Financial Crimes 19 Education 20 Electoral Matters 21 Employment and Productivity NO. COMMITTEE 22 Emergency & Disaster Preparedness 23 Environment and Ecology 24 Establishment & Public Services 25 Ethics & Privileges 26 FCT Area Councils and Ancillisary Matter 27 Federal Capital Territory 28 Federal Character 29 Finance 30 Foreign Affairs 31 Gas Resources 32 Governmental Affairs 33 HIV/AIDS Tuberculosis and Malaria Control 34 House Services / Welfare 35 Housing and Habitat 36 Human Rights 37 Industries 38 Information & National Orientation Agency 39 Inter and Intra-Party Relations 40 Interior 41 Internal Security 42 Inter-Parliamentary Relations
  • 11. THE NASS COMMITTEES – HOUSE NO. COMMITTEE 43 Labour, Employment and Productivity 44 Lake Chad 45 Land Transport 46 Local & Foreign Debt 47 Local Content 48 Legislative Budget and Research 49 Marine Transport 50 Media/Public Affairs 51 Milliennium Development Goals 52 National Identity & National Population 53 National Planning and Economic Development 54 National Security & Intelligence 55 Navy 56 Niger Delta 57 Niger Delta Development Commission 58 Peace and National Reconciliation 59 Pension 60 Petroleum Resources (Down Stream 61 Petroleum Resources (Up Stream 62 Police Affairs 63 Poverty Alleviation NO. COMMITTEE 64 Power 65 Privatization and Commercialization 66 Public Accounts 67 Public Petitions 68 Public Procurement 69 Public Safety and National Security 70 Public Service Matter 71 Rules & Business 72 Rural Development 73 Science & Technology 74 Solid Minerals Development 75 Special Duties 76 Sports and Social Development 77 States & Local Government Affairs 78 Steel 79 Trade and Investment 80 Treaties, Protocols and Agreements 81 Water Resources 82 Women in parliament 83 Works 84 Youth and Social Development
  • 12. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET Allocation to the National Assembly comes under different headings. From 1999 to 2011, the budgets were distinctively allocated in these categories –  NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OFFICE  SENATE  HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES  NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SERVICE COMMISSION  LEGISLATIVE AIDES  SENATE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS  HOUSE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS  GENERAL SERVICE OFFICE PART C – RECURRENT EXPENDITURE  NATIONAL ASSEMBLY OFFICE  SENATE  HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES  NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SERVICE COMMISSION  LEGISLATIVE AIDES  SENATE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS  HOUSE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC ACCOUNTS  GENERAL SERVICE OFFICE PART D – CAPITAL EXPENDITURE However, from 2012; the National Assembly budget is just presented under a single heading – National Assembly – without any detail. Other section where Budgets are allocated to the National Assembly is under the Service-Wide Votes.
  • 13. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET YEAR NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 1999 2,204,150,000 2000 29,458,065,950 2001 15,488,000,000 2002 28,161,930,230 2003 23,347,116,582 2004 34,729,324,335 2005 55,432,457,558 2006 44,999,999,999 2007 60,000,000,000 2008 73,741,326,233 2009 123,192,333,760 2010 154,205,234,695 2011 150,000,000,000 2012 150,000,000,000 2013 150,000,000,000 2014 150,000,000,000 2015 227,000,000,000
  • 14. 14 NASS 2015 BUDGET IS NOT N120Bn! N227Bn 2015 APPROPRIATION ACT 50,000,000,000 6,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 50,000,000,000 CODE 23050119 23050142 23050143 23050147 ITEM OUTSTANDING COMMITMENTS ON 2014 CONSTITUENCY PROJECTS CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR LEGISLATIVE STUDIES NATIONAL ASSEMBLY CLINIC SPECIAL INTERVENTION/ CONSTITUENCY PROJECTS NASS MAIN BUDGET = N120Bn 120 + 50 + 50 + 6 + 1 = N227Bn SOURCE Document – 50. CRF Charges_Revised-V3 (FINAL).pdf
  • 15. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET YEAR NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TOTAL BUDGET % 1999 2,204,150,000 60,549,835,647 3.64 2000 29,458,065,950 470,009,971,781 6.27 2001 15,488,000,000 894,214,805,186 1.73 2002 28,161,930,230 1,064,801,253,520 2.64 2003 23,347,116,582 976,254,543,375 2.39 2004 34,729,324,335 1,790,848,344,588 1.94 2005 55,432,457,558 1,799,938,243,138 3.08 2006 44,999,999,999 1,876,302,363,351 2.40 2007 60,000,000,000 2,266,394,423,477 2.65 2008 73,741,326,233 2,492,076,718,937 2.96 2009 123,192,333,760 2,870,510,042,679 4.29 2010 154,205,234,695 4,608,616,278,213 3.35 2011 150,000,000,000 4,870,944,273,449 3.01 2012 150,000,000,000 4,749,100,821,170 3.16 2013 150,000,000,000 4,987,220,425,601 3.01 2014 150,000,000,000 4,642,960,000,000 3.23 2015 227,000,000,000 4,493,363,957,158 5.05
  • 16. THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET  Total allocation to the National Assembly from 1999 to 2015 is N1,471,959,939,342.  This comes to an average of N86,585,878,785.  Total National Budget from 1999 to 2015 is N44,914,106,301,270.  Therefore, the National Assembly has shared 3.28% of the National budget.  The Year 2000 NASS budget shared the largest percentage with 6.27% of National Budget. Since then, Year 2015 comes next with 5.05% of National Budget.
  • 17. 17 THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET COMPARED TO FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET COMPARED TO STATE GOVERNMENTS’ BUDGETS
  • 18. NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS 1999 BUDGET 2000 BUDGET
  • 19. NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS 2001 BUDGET 2002 BUDGET
  • 20. NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS 2003 BUDGET 2004 BUDGET
  • 21. NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS 2005 BUDGET 2006 BUDGET
  • 22. NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS 2007 BUDGET 2008 BUDGET
  • 23. NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS 2009 BUDGET 2010 BUDGET
  • 24. NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS 2011 BUDGET 2012 BUDGET
  • 25. NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS 2013 BUDGET 2014 BUDGET
  • 26. NASS & FEDERAL MINISTRIES BUDGETS 2015 BUDGET YEAR NASS POSITION 1999 9TH 2000 3RD 2001 13TH 2002 9TH 2003 9TH 2004 9TH 2005 10TH 2006 10TH 2007 8TH 2008 9TH 2009 6TH 2010 8TH 2011 7TH 2012 7TH 2013 7TH 2014 6TH 2015 5TH
  • 27. FEDERAL MINISTRIES PAY SALARIES & ARE INVOLVED IN DEVELOPMENTAL PROJECTS, WHAT ABOUT THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY?
  • 28. NASS & STATE GOVERNMENTS’ BUDGETS
  • 29. NASS & STATE GOVERNMENTS’ BUDGETS
  • 30. NASS & STATE GOVERNMENTS’ BUDGETS The National Assembly’s budget is more than the Budgets of at least 18 States. The budget of a typical state have the following components – EBONYI BUDGET 2014 Ebonyi state with a population of about 3million in 2014 had a Budget of N99.8Bn; what is the population of the National Assembly that had N150Bn in 2014?
  • 31. QUESTIONS WHAT IS THE BREAKDOWN OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY BUDGET? WHAT IS THE POPULATION OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY? HOW MANY JOBS ARE CREATED BY THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY? HOW MANY SCHOOLS, ROADS, HOSPITALS, ETC DO THEY BUILD?
  • 32. HOW PRODUCTIVE IS THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY? #BILLS #BILLS
  • 33. HOW PRODUCTIVE IS THE NASS? The productivity of Nations, Persons, Groups, or Entities can be measured by how well they meet the requirements of their oversight functions and responsibilities. MAKE LAWS WITH RESPECT TO ANY MATTER WITHIN ITS LEGISLATIVE COMPETENCE AND CORRECT ANY DEFECTS IN EXISTING LAWS. Since the National Assembly comprises of Law Makers; it is given that Law Makers ought to make laws. The Nigerian Constitution (1999), Section 88, Sub-sections 2 (a), confers on the National Assembly the power to –
  • 34. HOW PRODUCTIVE IS THE NASS? Therefore; the PRODUCTIVITY of the National Assembly can partly be measured by how well it performs in terms of its law making ability. LAW MAKING PROCEDURE IN NASS BILLS ACTSLegislative Process A bill which has passed through the various legislative steps required for it and which has become law. A BILL SHALL BECOME A LAW AFTER IT HAS GONE THROUGH THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS AND SIGNED INTO LAW BY THE PRESIDENT OF NIGERIA. A first draft and proposed law or statute which has been formally tabled before a legislative assembly for consideration. EXECUTIVE MEMBER PRIVATE
  • 35. THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS SPEAKER PRESIDENT Executive Senator/Private House/Private BILL EXCUTIVE MEMBER PRIVATE House of Rep.is marked HB (House Bill) while the one from the Senate is marked SB (Senate Bill). An Executive bill is marked with "Executive" printed on the title page of the bill -|- CMTT = Committee -|- For comprehensive The Legislative Process, refer to NASS Website HERE CMTT – RULES & PROCEDURE CMTT – RULES & BUSINESS Bill well drafted ? Re-drafting by NASS Legal GAZETTE FOR READINGYES NO 1 STAGE CLERK OF BOTH CHAMBERS READS THE SHORT TITLE OF BILL - TO INFORM MEMBERS OF BILL FIRST READING SECOND READING Bill Sponsor moves motion for Bill to be read which must be seconded States Bill’s OBJ, General Principle, Subject Matter, & Benefits Bill Supported ? COMMITTEE STAGE NO YES CMTT OF THE WHOLE HOUSE STANDING CMTT PUBLIC HEARING THIRD READING 2 Motion is moved for the Bill to be read the third time. Bill Accepted Bill Amended Bill rejected Joint CMTT On successful deliberation, the Nigerian President signs Bill into Law. If there is no objection, the Bill is PASSED! Clerk cleans up Bill and sends to either Chamber 3 4IF AFTER 30 DAYS, THE NIGERIAN PRESIDENT DOES NOT SIGN A BILL, THE 2 CHAMBERS CAN RECALL & RE-PASS IT. ON 2/3 MAJORITY VOTES, THE BILL BECOMES A LAW.
  • 36. 36 All bills must receive three readings before they can be passed into law and the readings must be on different days. Some bills can receive accelerated consideration i.e. on the same day based on their urgency and significance for government policy. In that case, rules of the House/Senate are to be suspended for easy passage. Examples of such bill that might receive accelerated hearings are the ones that are needed to enable the president take urgent action on matters relating to national security.
  • 37. WHAT IS THE KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATOR OF NASS? KPI KPI
  • 38. HOW MANY BILLS HAVE THEY PASSED INTO LAW? #BILLS #BILLS
  • 39. 1440 HOW MANY BILLS HAVE THEY DEBATED? According to Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre (PLAC); a total of 1079 Bills have been considered – House of Representatives (693) and Senate (386). This is as recorded from PLAC without much analysis. TOTAL SENATORS (1999 – 204) 436 TOTAL REPS. (1999 – 204) APPROXIMATELY, IT IS 0.8853211009174312 BILL PER SENATOR!!! THIS SUM TOTAL OF LAW MAKERS IS ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT NO MEMBER WAS RETURNED APPROXIMATELY, IT IS 0.48125 BILL PER HOUSE REP.!!!
  • 40. HOW MANY BILLS IN ALL? However; on analysis, with House Bills coded as HB and Senate Bills as SB, these were the last Bills considered by both Chambers – HB 780: National Agency on the Great Green Wall (Establishment) Bill, 2015 and SB 547: National Agency for the Great Green Wall (Est., etc.) Bill 2015. THE POSSIBILITY HERE IS THAT SOME BILLS NEVER MADE IT TO THE FIRST READING. HOUSE SENATE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY 780 BILLS 547 BILLS 1327 BILLS From 1327; 1079 bills (81%) made it to First Reading. The remaining 248 jettisoned – would they be re-presented? 
  • 41. HOW MANY BILLS GOT PASSED? TOTAL BILLS R E A D I N G 1ST 2ND 3RD / Passed 1327 1079 479 123 248DIFF 600 356 81% 44% 26%% 36% 11% 9% Bill - > 2nd | 1st - > Passed Likelihood of a Bill being passed
  • 42. SUMMARY OF BILLS  Total Bills - 1327  Bills that were considered for 1st reading - 1079  % of Bills that were considered for 1st reading - 81%  Bills that went through 1st to 2nd reading - 479  % of Bills that went through 1st to 2nd reading - 44%  % of Bills that went from conception to 2nd reading - 36%  Bills that went through 2nd to 3rd reading - 123  % of Bills that went through 2nd to 3rd reading - 26%  % of Bills that went from 1st to 3rd reading - 11%  % of Bills that went from conception to 3rd reading - 9% THE PROBABILITY THAT A BILL WOULD BECOME AN ACT IS: 9%
  • 43. 20 MOST PRODUCTIVE LEGISLATORS SPONSOR(S) BILL Hon. Ali Ahmad 31 Hon. Uzoma Nkem-Abonta 23 Sen. Victor Ndoma-Egba 20 Hon. Femi Gbajabiamila 16 Sen. Benedict A. Ayaade 15 Sen. Ita Enang 15 Hon. Emmanuel Jime 14 Sen. Ifeanyi A. Okowa 11 Sen. Smart Adeyemi 11 Hon. Karimi Sunday Steve 10 Hon. Raphael Igbokwe 10 Hon. Robinson Uwak 9 Sen. Domingo Obende 8 Hon. Godfrey Ali Gaiya 8 Hon. Leo Ogor 8 Sen. Ganiyu O. Solomon 8 Hon. O.K. Chinda 8 Sen. Benedict Ayade 8 Hon. Patrick Ikhariale 8 Hon. Nkeiruka Onyejeocha 7 PRODUCTIVITY IN TERMS OF NO. OF BILLS SPONSOR(S) BILL ACT Hon. Abubarkar Momoh & 18 others 2 2 Hon Mulikat Akande-Adeola 1 1 Hon. Samson Osagie 1 1 Sen. Uche Chukwumerije 1 1 Hon. Opeyemi Bamidele 24 Others 1 1 Sen. Dahiru A. Kuta & 49 Ors 1 1 Tijani Abdulkadir Jobe 1 1 Hon. Abike Dabiri-Erewa & 3 Others 1 1 Hon. Leo Ogor and 21 others 1 1 Hon. Yusuf Ayo Tajudeen 1 1 Hon. Aminu Shehu Shagari 1 1 Hon. Emeka Ikedioha 1 1 Hon. Ibrahim Shehu Gusau 1 1 Hon. Jisalo Bitrus Zaphaniah 4 3 Hon. Ogbuefi Ozomgbachi 4 3 Sen. Ike Ekweremadu 3 2 Sen. Paulinus N. Igwe 2 1 Sen. Babajide Omoworare 2 1 Hon. Albert Sam-Tsokwa & 21 others 2 1 Hon. Ali Ahmad 31 14 IN TERMS OF NO. OF BILLS PASSED
  • 44. SUMMARY Unfortunately, there is no enough data to determine which of the Assembly (from 1999-2015) was more productive in terms of their ability of taking a Bill through the legislative process and making it become an Act. IF THE BUSINESS OF LAW MAKERS IS TO MAKE LAWS, AND WE ONLY HAVE 9% OF ALL BILLS PASSED INTO LAW – HOW PRODUCTIVE IS THAT CONSIDERING THE AMOUNT OF MONEY EXPENDED ON THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY? IF THE COST OF LEGISLATION IS MORE THAN ITS BENEFITS – IT’S EITHER #NASS INCREASE THEIR PRODUCTIVITY OR REDUCE THE COST OF LEGISLATING!
  • 45. Reference – Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) - http://www.inecnigeria.org/1 The National Assembly - http://www.nassnig.org/2 Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre (PLAC) - http://www.placng.org/3
  • 46. Analysis by: Wale Micaiah e: walegate@yahoo.com m: 08078001800 w: www.statisense.com w: www.walemicaiah.com Freely share, freely use and freely acknowledge the source – © Wale Micaiah