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Energy and Matter in
Ecosystems
Main Ideas
1. What happens to matter in an
ecosystem?
2. What happens to energy in an
ecosystem?
3. Where do living things get their energy
and matter?
Interdependence
All living things are
connected to other
living things, both
directly and indirectly.
Living things eat and/or
get eaten
Living things obtain
chemicals that came from
other living things
The actions of living
things affect other
organisms
So…
Ecosystems require MATTER and ENERGY
Matter is stuff – atoms that are used to make
molecules
Energy is… Not created or
destroyed, only
converted from
1 form to
another
Essential for all life
 Energy
 Matter
Can be symbolized by
Sunlight Producer
Primary
consumer
Secondary
consumer
An energy Pyramid
Gets smaller as it
goes up since there
is less and less
energy as you go up
Pyramid of
numbers
How many
organisms are at
each level
Usually mostly
producers, then
primary
consumers, then
secondary and
so on
100,000 plants
1000
voles
1 owl
Pyramid of
numbers
Could look like
this:
1 oak tree
supports lots of
primary
consumers,
which support
fewer secondary
consumers, then
even fewer
tertiary, etc.
1 oak tree
1000
caterpillars
50 bluetits
1 sparrow
hawk
Pyramid of
biomass
How much
everything
weighs at
each level
Always
pyramid
shaped
Light energy to chemical
energy (photosynthesis)
Gross Primary Productivity – all
the light energy that is converted to
chemical energy in an ecosystem
Not all of this is available to
consumers though, because the
plants need some for themselves
Net Primary Productivity – the
chemical energy available to
consumers
Ecosystems with high NPP
Tropical rain forests
Estuaries
Coral reefs
Open ocean (just because so much of the
planet is covered in it)
What happens to energy in an ecosystem?
First – write your response
Use these terms
%
Trophic levels
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
Primary
productivity
What to do
 Younger person goes
first
 Must use at least 3
terms in their answer
 Older person must
write their answer
 Switch – same rules
Giraffes eat the grass
Lions eat the giraffes
And when they die, they
become part of the soil
and feed the grass
Biogeochemical Cycles
-or-
What happens to matter in an ecosystem?
 Water
 Carbon
 Nitrogen
 Phosphorus
 Sulfur
Some basics
 In all cases (except water) – plants get the C, N, P, and S first, then
animals get it from their food
 Decomposers are vital to recycling these nutrients and returning them
to the earth so plants can get them again.
C,N,P,S
AP Biology  energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
Human Impacts
1. We use fresh water faster than it is
replenished naturally
2. Water pollution
Quick Think
What do you know for sure about
the water cycle?
“I know for sure that…”
AP Biology  energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
Where is the Carbon?
– CO² gas in the atmosphere (air)
– dissolved CO2 in the oceans (water)
– Carbon in organic molecules in every living
thing
– Carbon is in fossil fuels and sedimentary
rocks
Review - Photosynthesis
Plants take CO2 + water + energy from the sun
And make
Glucose (sugar) and oxygen
CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
Carbon diffuses into water
 Carbon in the atmosphere diffuses into the
oceans
 Forms carbonic acid
– CO2 + H20  H2CO3
 Too much CO2 in oceans leads to ocean
acidification
AP Biology  energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
Human Impacts
 Removal of trees
 Excess CO2 in the atm from fossil fuel use
Alaska Brazil
Quick Think
What do you know for sure about
the carbon cycle?
“I know for sure that…”
Warm up
1 2 3
4
5 6
7
8
Warm up
1
2
3
4
5
The Nitrogen Cycle
Where is the nitrogen?
 Most of the
nitrogen (the main
reservoir) is in the
air.
– 78% of our air is
nitrogen gas
– It is not usable in this
form
– It must be “fixed”
first
How does the nitrogen get fixed?
–By
lightning
~10%
Fixing
Nitrogen
Nitrogen fixing
bacteria ~90%
Live in
symbiosis with
legumes (in
their roots)
Human Impacts
Add excess N to
water in animal
waste, fertilizer
 Add excess N to
air by burning
fossil fuels
NOx + H2O 
HNO3
-  acid rain
AP Biology  energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
Algae bloom resulting from
excess nitrates from farm runoff
(manures).
AP Biology  energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
The Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus cycle
there is no atmospheric component.
slow and local in nature.
Where is the phosphorus?
 stored in rocks and
sediment.
 released through
weathering and erosion
 Plants can then take it
up through the soil
Human Impacts
 phosphorus from fertilizers pollute waterways
and lead to euthrophication (dead zones).
AP Biology  energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
AP Biology  energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
The Sulfur Cycle
 Most is stored underground in rocks and
minerals (sulfate ions - SO4
2-)
Human Impacts
Burning coal and oil
puts sulfur into the
atmosphere
SO2 + H20  H2SO4
 acid deposition
AP Biology  energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
AP Biology  energy and matter transfer through ecosystems
Human Impact on Ecosystems
1. Nutrient enrichment – adding
excess nutrients to aquatic
ecosystems
2. Acid precipitation – pH less
than 5.6, harms trees, aquatic
ecosystems,
3. Biological magnification –
toxins accumulate in the tissues
of organisms, PCBs and DDT
4. Rising atmospheric CO2 –
global warming
5. Depletion of the ozone layer –
CFCs, burns leaves and skin

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Patterns of Written Texts Across Disciplines.pptx
 

AP Biology energy and matter transfer through ecosystems

  • 1. Energy and Matter in Ecosystems
  • 2. Main Ideas 1. What happens to matter in an ecosystem? 2. What happens to energy in an ecosystem? 3. Where do living things get their energy and matter?
  • 3. Interdependence All living things are connected to other living things, both directly and indirectly. Living things eat and/or get eaten Living things obtain chemicals that came from other living things The actions of living things affect other organisms
  • 4. So… Ecosystems require MATTER and ENERGY Matter is stuff – atoms that are used to make molecules Energy is… Not created or destroyed, only converted from 1 form to another
  • 5. Essential for all life  Energy  Matter Can be symbolized by Sunlight Producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer
  • 6. An energy Pyramid Gets smaller as it goes up since there is less and less energy as you go up
  • 7. Pyramid of numbers How many organisms are at each level Usually mostly producers, then primary consumers, then secondary and so on 100,000 plants 1000 voles 1 owl
  • 8. Pyramid of numbers Could look like this: 1 oak tree supports lots of primary consumers, which support fewer secondary consumers, then even fewer tertiary, etc. 1 oak tree 1000 caterpillars 50 bluetits 1 sparrow hawk
  • 9. Pyramid of biomass How much everything weighs at each level Always pyramid shaped
  • 10. Light energy to chemical energy (photosynthesis) Gross Primary Productivity – all the light energy that is converted to chemical energy in an ecosystem Not all of this is available to consumers though, because the plants need some for themselves Net Primary Productivity – the chemical energy available to consumers
  • 11. Ecosystems with high NPP Tropical rain forests Estuaries Coral reefs Open ocean (just because so much of the planet is covered in it)
  • 12. What happens to energy in an ecosystem? First – write your response Use these terms % Trophic levels Autotrophs Heterotrophs Primary productivity What to do  Younger person goes first  Must use at least 3 terms in their answer  Older person must write their answer  Switch – same rules
  • 13. Giraffes eat the grass Lions eat the giraffes And when they die, they become part of the soil and feed the grass
  • 14. Biogeochemical Cycles -or- What happens to matter in an ecosystem?  Water  Carbon  Nitrogen  Phosphorus  Sulfur
  • 15. Some basics  In all cases (except water) – plants get the C, N, P, and S first, then animals get it from their food  Decomposers are vital to recycling these nutrients and returning them to the earth so plants can get them again. C,N,P,S
  • 17. Human Impacts 1. We use fresh water faster than it is replenished naturally 2. Water pollution
  • 18. Quick Think What do you know for sure about the water cycle? “I know for sure that…”
  • 20. Where is the Carbon? – CO² gas in the atmosphere (air) – dissolved CO2 in the oceans (water) – Carbon in organic molecules in every living thing – Carbon is in fossil fuels and sedimentary rocks
  • 21. Review - Photosynthesis Plants take CO2 + water + energy from the sun And make Glucose (sugar) and oxygen CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + O2
  • 22. Carbon diffuses into water  Carbon in the atmosphere diffuses into the oceans  Forms carbonic acid – CO2 + H20  H2CO3  Too much CO2 in oceans leads to ocean acidification
  • 24. Human Impacts  Removal of trees  Excess CO2 in the atm from fossil fuel use Alaska Brazil
  • 25. Quick Think What do you know for sure about the carbon cycle? “I know for sure that…”
  • 26. Warm up 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
  • 29. Where is the nitrogen?  Most of the nitrogen (the main reservoir) is in the air. – 78% of our air is nitrogen gas – It is not usable in this form – It must be “fixed” first
  • 30. How does the nitrogen get fixed? –By lightning ~10%
  • 31. Fixing Nitrogen Nitrogen fixing bacteria ~90% Live in symbiosis with legumes (in their roots)
  • 32. Human Impacts Add excess N to water in animal waste, fertilizer  Add excess N to air by burning fossil fuels NOx + H2O  HNO3 -  acid rain
  • 34. Algae bloom resulting from excess nitrates from farm runoff (manures).
  • 37. Phosphorus cycle there is no atmospheric component. slow and local in nature.
  • 38. Where is the phosphorus?  stored in rocks and sediment.  released through weathering and erosion  Plants can then take it up through the soil
  • 39. Human Impacts  phosphorus from fertilizers pollute waterways and lead to euthrophication (dead zones).
  • 43.  Most is stored underground in rocks and minerals (sulfate ions - SO4 2-)
  • 44. Human Impacts Burning coal and oil puts sulfur into the atmosphere SO2 + H20  H2SO4  acid deposition
  • 47. Human Impact on Ecosystems 1. Nutrient enrichment – adding excess nutrients to aquatic ecosystems 2. Acid precipitation – pH less than 5.6, harms trees, aquatic ecosystems, 3. Biological magnification – toxins accumulate in the tissues of organisms, PCBs and DDT 4. Rising atmospheric CO2 – global warming 5. Depletion of the ozone layer – CFCs, burns leaves and skin