Explain Two Ways To Classify The Structural And Functional...

Explain Two Ways To Classify The Structural And Functional...
There are two ways to classify the nervous system: structural and functional classifications.
Structural classification includes all the organs of the nervous system. There are two groups that
forms nervous system: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). CNS
covers the brain and spinal cord of the human body. It unites and gives orders to the nervous system.
It translates incoming sensory information and gives directions based on past experiences and the
current environment. PNS covers parts of the nervous system outside the CNS. It includes the
cranial and spinal nerves which extends from the brain and spinal cord of the human body. Spinal
nerves transports impulses to and from the spinal cord; yet, cranial nerves
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Powder: Oral Water Soluble Drugs
About 70% of the new chemcial ntities are recognized as poorly water–soluble about 40% of
commercially available immediate–release oral formulations are recognized as practically insoluble
in water (Kawabata et al., 2001). Therefore, several potentially promising drug candidtates were
rejected as pharmaceutical products due to ther poor solubilitty in GI fluid, poor dissolution in GI
tract, low systemic absorption and thus poor oral bioavailability (therapeutically ineffective) (Hörter
and Dressman, 2001). Therefore, enhancing the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of poorly
water–soluble drugs is one of the major challenges in pharmaceutical industry.
The study was performed to improve the compactibility and the biopharmaceutical performance of
xylitol by improving its physicomechanical properties to make it better suited for tableting using
direct compression. To this end, antisolvent crystallization technique was employed in the presence
of various additives, i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl
alcohol with a molecular weight (PVA22000) or 16000 (PVA16000) at varying concentrations
(0.06%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.2%, w/v). The size and morphological changes induced by crystallization
the in presence of the additives were studied. The dissolution performance of crystallized xylitols
formulated with a model poorly water–soluble drug, i.e. indomethacin, in comparison to commercial
xylitol were also evaluated.
Materials and Methods

Advantages Of The Dsm-5 Classification System
Essay Questions to the DSM–IV Rodney Thomas Sr. Western International University Abnormal
Psychology BEH–440–3281 Professor, Mollie Surgine December 18, 2017 Essay questions to the
DSM The DSM is a classified system used by psychiatrist and other clinical professions in order to
diagnose clients and patients who show signs of some type of disorder. The two advantages of using
this model or classification system ranges from the validity of an assessment used by clinicians and
other health care professionals. Build around the concepts and purposes for the DSM model is that it
supports a number of standard assessments of diagnosing different treatment providers.
Furthermore, (Comer, J. 2016) suggest that the DSM–5 requires clinicians to provide both
categorical and dimensional information which is part of being consistent in diagnosing. From a
categorical perspective this refers to the name of a particular category of a disorder which is
indicated on behalf of the client's symptoms. From the dimensional perspective it is a rating of how
the client symptoms and the severity of the dysfunction through various dimensions. Drawbacks The
controversy and criticism surrounding the DSM –5 models has raised questions about its credibility
and has raised concerns from the public on the reliability and effectiveness. Problems with this
classification system is the attempt to promote preventive psychiatry by introducing how

Classification Systems For Offenders Essay
Over the last few decades classification systems for offenders have been used for a variety of
organizational purposes. Over time these classification systems have evolved, not only as a whole in
the criminal justice system, but also varying between different organizations. Classification systems
that create models based on the risks and needs of offenders are most popular. Throughout the years
these models and the purposes for their use have been in a state of change, as well as the way their
effectiveness is gaged. One of the most commonly used classification systems for offenders is the
combination of risk assessment and need assessment. The combination of these two systems of
classification is rather new. The earliest types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second generation was characterized by the custody classification risks and parolees being
classified on their risk of reoffending based on their custody classification. These early models were
administered routinely but scores rarely changed because the information in the assessment was
static and did not change over time (Van Voorhis, et al., 2009). Such information as the severity of
prior convictions, and prior felonies did not change between assessments and led to an overly simple
classification system that did not offer any options for treatment or change within offender behavior.
Additionally, it was proven that the earliest risk assessment models were not accurate in dealing
with female offenders because the history of women offenders is not as indicative of future behavior
as it is with male offenders (Van Voorhis et al., 2008). While the original risk assessment models
were helpful in achieving a basic glance at offender behavior risks, it lacked the quality assessment
tools needed to not only determine whether an offender was going to be a danger while
institutionalized or the community once paroled, but to fully offer options for rehabilitation. More
recently, the combination of risk/needs assessments have changed the course of classification
models. No longer are risks assessments conducted solely for the institutionalized but also are used
to foresee new transgressions with needs that are similarly elements of offender

Social Values: What Is A Personal Value?
What is a personal value?
A personal value is an individual's absolute or relative and ethical value, the assumption of which
can be the basis for ethical action. A value system is a set of consistent values and measures. A
principle value is a foundation upon which other values and measures of integrity are based. Some
values are physiologically determined and are normally considered objective, such as a desire to
avoid physical pain or to seek pleasure. Other values are considered subjective, vary across
individuals and cultures, and are in many ways aligned with belief and belief systems. Types of
values include ethical/moral values, doctrinal/ideological (religious, political) values, social values,
and aesthetic values. It is debated whether some values that are not clearly physiologically
determined, such as altruism, are intrinsic, and whether some, such as acquisitiveness, should be ...
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The first are personal life value priorities – Determining candidates most important current values
(e.g., money, location, service to others, time with family), rank–ordering and deciding which will
trade off if faced with a contradiction (e.g., the job you want not being available in the location you
want). As said earlier, many people keep themselves in a state of continual agitation by refusing to
make focused value decisions.
The second are personal job–content objectives – Identifying what specific combination of skills or
competencies (e.g., intellectual, technical, interpersonal, physical, artistic, mathematical, etc.)
candidates want to develop and exercise in their future on–the–job activities. These objectives
become their criteria for judging the content of potential employee, if a potential opening involves
doing a lot of financial or technical analysis by their self with no opportunity for interacting with
others, some candidates will avoid that job even if it is a

Classification System ( 17 ) Essay
All patients were diagnosed with a stage 2, 3, or 4 idiopathic MH according to the Gass
classification system(17) and underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination before and
1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively, including measurement of the best–corrected VA (BCVA),
binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy, and non–contact lens slit–lamp biomicroscopy. The SD–OCT
examination also was performed in all patients on the same day as the clinical examination.
Standard 3–port pars plana vitrectomy for MH repair consisted of a core vitrectomy with intravitreal
injection of triamcinolone acetonide to visualize the vitreous gel, surgical creation of a posterior
vitreous detachment if it had not yet occurred, ILM peeling using Briliant blue G (BBG), and fluid–
gas exchange followed by flushing with a mixed non–expansile concentration of 20% sulfur
hexafluoride. Patients were instructed to remain facedown for 2 to 7 days postoperatively. Anatomic
success was defined as the presence of a flat or closed MH 1 month postoperatively confirmed by
biomicroscopy.(18) All patients provided written informed consent after they received a detailed
explanation of the surgical procedure and SD–OCT follow–up examinations. Our retina specialist
(SB) performed the surgeries. One of two experienced examiners performed the VA examinations,
and experienced technicians conducted the SD–OCT examinations. The study adhered to the tenets
of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the institutional

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Liposomes
Liposomes
Liposomes are artificial vesicles with lipid bilayer which are made of phospholipids and cholesterol.
Liposomes have certain limitations like tendency to be taken up by the RES system, in the body.
When given orally they increases the absorption, clinical potency, and decreases the toxicity of the
drug. As they also resembles nanoemulsions in transparency, fluid like consistency, they are also
good for cosmetic preparations.
Every new approach in the targeted therapy of rheumatoid arthritis could contribute to the
effectiveness in treating the chronic disease.
Advantages of Lipids Lipids are a class of materials which includes fatty acids, glycerides,
phospholipids, sphingolipids, waxes and sterols etc. They may be poorly soluble in water, but have
other characteristic properties like hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions which can be identified by
their fatty acid composition, melting point, HLB value, and their solubility in solvents like
Glycerine and other organic solvents. Vegetable oils and primarily used in the preparation of
different types of formulations. A adult's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They also provide a favourable hydrophobic environment to delay the drug release. This
characteristic property has been extensively used in the development of sustained release dosage
forms like beads, tablets, suspensions, implants. Their hydrophobic properties can also be used for
masking the unpalatable taste of certain drugs by hot melt coating. Lipids also offer advantages for
preparation of drugs with low melting point or poor compression properties. Development of Lipid–
based drug delivery system have been developed over the years, mostly for oral delivery.
Formulations can be classified as: Liquid lipid–based formulations eg. Emulsions or microemulsions
(oil/water; water/oil, bicontinuous

Classification Of Poisons And Its Effects On The Nervous...
AMITY INSTITUTE OF FORENSIC SCIENCES AMITY UNIVERSITY UTTAR PRADESH
Name: – Sanchari Dasgupta Enrolment No.: – A5905914014 Programme: – B.Sc (Hons) Forensic
science Batch: – 2014–17 Title of summer assignment: – Classification of poisons Goal for the first
week: – Introduction of the topic Goal for the second week: – Write in brief about corrosive poisons
and non–metallic irritant poison Goal for the third week: – Write in brief about metallic irritant
poisons Goal for the fourth week: – Write about poisons having vegetable and animal origin Goal
for the fifth week: – Write about poisons acting on the nervous system FIRST WEEK'S WORK
POISONS INTRODUCTION Poisons are substances those are most likely to cause harm to a
person. It can also be defined as a substance which has the potent of causing illness or death of a
living organism when introduced to the body or absorbed. It has a tendency to cause physical or
chemical mutations in the body which may be curable or incurable depending on the type of poison
used. It causes harm by physical or chemical changes in the human body. Poisons with high level of
toxicity may be dangerous on consuming once and can also be life threatening. Few poisons which
are less toxic are often used as slow poisons. Absolutely anything could be a poison, because
everything is good but nothing in excess is. Poisons are those substances

Implementing The Tax System Classification Rules
On December 17, 1996, the Department of the Treasury (Treasury) finalized rules that were
intended to simplify the tax entity classification rules. These rules have become known as the
"check–the–box" regulations. Simply put, these regulations allow an eligible entity to "check a box"
that indicates the desired tax treatment the entity wishes to have. These new regulations signify what
was a much needed departure from the previous classification regulations, which were vague,
ambiguous, and created many disputes between taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS).
This simplification of the entity classification rules would make it easier for such entities to gain
their desired tax treatment, which allows those entities to focus ... Show more content on
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These new rules replace the Kintner test, which will be analyzed later in this paper. To fully
understand the effects that CTB rules have on entities tax rates, it is important to understand the
complexities of Regulation 301.7703.
Explanation of Regulation 301.7703–3
As previously mentioned, any business entity that is not required to be treated as a corporation may
choose its own classification. An entity may choose to have all of the beneficial characteristics as a
corporation, but to avoid double taxation, they may choose to be taxed as a partnership. An entity
with two or more members can be classified either as a partnership or as an association, which is
taxed as a corporation. An entity with only one member has an option to be taxed as a corporation or
can choose to be disregarded as an entity separate from its owner. That entity cannot choose
partnership classification because a partnership, by definition, has two or more partners. A
disregarded entity is a business entity with one owner that is not recognized for tax purposes as an
entity separate from its owner. Therefore, the taxpayer is treated as a sole proprietorship and the
individual must report all income and losses on their own tax return.
Foreign business organizations are categorized by default classifications and must elect to be taxed
differently on Form 8832, same as domestic entities. A foreign business entity where all owners
have limited liability will be treated as a

ICD-9-CM Coding Classification System
Similar to the previous study, the ICD–9–CM coding classification system was used for case
definition of CT and NG cases. A male or female service member of the US Army with a first–time
diagnosis (incidence case) of CT infection based on the ICD–9–CM codes 099.41 or 099.5, or with
NG infection based on the ICD–9–CM codes 098.0x, 098.1x, 098.4x, or 098.8x) in either the first or
second diagnostic position of a record of an outpatient or inpatient encounter of a medical record
between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2012 were initially selected. For both CT and NG case,
the index date was the date of diagnosis of infection registered in the DMSS. Consequently, medical
records (inpatient and outpatient) from all incident CT or NG cases selected ... Show more content
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For both bacterial infections, some researchers recommend that to eliminate persistent infections, it
should use a laboratory test after the first infection before estimating the number of repeat
infections. In contrast, other researchers consider that the infected patient should be asymptomatic
for at least two weeks before counting as a new infection. However, the majority of researchers set a
number of days after the initial infection to determine the burden of repeat infections (Hillis et al.,
1994; Richey et al., 1999; Barnett and Brundage, 2001; Burstein et al., 2001). The most common
time frame for consideration as a repeat infection for CT and NG is that diagnosed 30 days or more
after the preceding infection. This minimal time interval is based on the evidence that nucleic acid
amplification tests may occasionally detect residual chlamydia deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic
acid to three weeks after antimicrobial therapy (Workowski et al., 1996; Gaydos et al., 1998; Morre
et al., 1998; Xu et al., 2000). For this study and data analysis, all service members with more than
one CT or NG report registered in the DMSS, a subsequent diagnosis of infection must occur at least
30 or more days from the

The Classification System Of Mental Health Disorders
The classification system of mental health disorders is the foundation for diagnosis, assessment,
intervention, and research. The necessity that this classification system provides a empirically–
supported framework for the conceptualization of mental health disorders cannot be overstated.
Currently, mental health fields around the world rely primarily on the Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM–5; APA, 2013) and the International Classification
of Diseases 10th Edition (ICD–10; WHO, 1992), with providers from Western countries like the
United States relying almost exclusively on the DSM–5.
The DSM–5 and its previous editions were constructed using a categorical approach to the
classification of mental ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The objective of this paper is to describe the transition from a categorical approach to a dimensional
approach to the classification of mental health disorders. First, this paper will describe the DSM's
traditional categorical approach and discuss the major criticisms to this approach. Second, this paper
will discuss ways in which a dimensional approach exists in the DSM–5. Lastly, this paper will
describe RDoC as a response to the failures of the categorical approach, and explain how RDoC has
led to a change in psychopathology research.
The Traditional Categorical Approach Prior to DSM–5, the American Psychiatric Association was
very clear that the DSM "is a categorical classification that divides mental disorders into types based
on criterion sets with defining features," (APA, 2000). Specifically, the developers of the DSM
conceptualized mental health disorders as polythetic, meaning there are specific features that
comprise each disorder, but these features are neither necessary nor sufficient (Carragher, Krueger,
Eaton, & Slade, 2015; Widiger, & Trull, 2007). The underlying assumptions are that a mental health
disorder is caused by a specific pathology, and a category, or prototype can represent a qualitative
distinction between normality and abnormality. It is intended that clinicians use the DSM to
determine which disorder best explains a patient's symptoms based on the given diagnostic criteria,
which represent an operational

Subjective Jail Classification System
Subjective classification: Subjective jail classification is a system that relies on the "gut" feeling of
the classification staff when making decisions, especially housing decisions. This approach relies on
a review of jail records (if inmate had been incarcerated before), current charge, criminal history
(prior incarcerations), social history, substance abuse history, mental health history, and the
impressions of the classification staff interviewer to make placements. Subjective jail classification
has been described as a "clinical, intuitive, seat–of–the–pants approach." This approach relies on
opinions and feelings instead of objective criteria. Objective classification: Objective jail
classification uses measurable factors and applies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Classification is a key management tool that helps jail staff make educated decisions about inmate
housing arrangements, custody levels, staff precautions, work assignments, and program
involvement. The classification process begins with interviewing the inmate to determine the
security level that best suits the inmate. It determines the best and safest housing for the inmate.
Classification reassesses inmates after a brief time in incarceration to determine programs and
privileges for the inmate. There are many goals and benefits in classification. Classification protects
inmates from one another, weaker from stronger, mentally ill from heathier inmates. It also identifies
and addresses security risk like contraband traffickers, gang members, and escape risk. Inmate
classification also strengthens security, effectively uses resources, provides a platform for consistent
decision making, improve efficacy and effectiveness, and reduces liability for jail. Classification
procedures are basically the same the inmate is asked a series of questions about their lifestyle,
criminal history, current charges, and gang affiliation. The inmate is also observed for behavioral
and mental health problems during the classification. Based on the outcome of the interview the
inmate is temporary housed to the best needs for the facility, and the inmate. The inmate receives
orientation and a

Essay On Abnormality, Classification Systems And...
Definition of abnormality, classification systems and demographics of psychological disorders
The poster is going to outline the definition of abnormality and describe two diagnostic
classification systems whilst referencing the diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia and an overlook of
its subtype catatonic schizophrenia.
An analysis of the validity, reliability, practicalities and ethical issues will be covered when referring
to the diagnostic classification systems and lastly the demographics and statistics surrounding
schizophrenia with reference to age, gender and ethnicity will be thoroughly examined
Statistical Infrequency
By using the statistical infrequency definition, a person's way of thinking or behaviour is classified
as abnormal if it is statistically unusual amongst a selected society. With this definition it is very
important to decide how statistically rare a behaviour or trait is before it is classified as abnormal.
For example a person who has a higher IQ level than the society's average is then classified as
abnormal but contrary to this a person would be highly regarded for their intelligence, this is due to
the method failing to identify the appeal of that certain trait (Cardwell, Clark and Meldrum, 2008).
As mentioned the definition ignores desirability of some behaviours and traits, it also does not take
in to account of cultural differences and it is not clear by how much a behaviour should deviate from
what's normal for it to be considered abnormal

The Pros And Cons Of Classifications In Biology
Classification is a matter of categorizing various living–things into different groups and therefore we
can distinguish diverse species. It is absolutely crucial and takes a huge role in our lives of human–
beings, who are the most developed and intellectual animals on the planet earth. Classification
gradually led to a massive development of Science, especially Biology and eventually resulted in the
creation of new classification systems which we are pretty much aware of in the 21st century. If
there were no classifications towards the uncountable living things, the entire world would be in a
definite chaos because of approximately about 8.7 million different species (Richard Black, BBC)
getting categorized together as 'living–things'.
The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This system provides information with proven accuracy and this approach supports the current
advances in the DNA testing of modern scientific department. (New World Encyclopedia) Cons of
using this system are that it does not account for interbreeding of species. It also assumes that
organisms are derived from the reproduction of existing organisms which means it does not account
for the mutations or abnormalities cases which might happen sometimes. (NCBI

The Map of Art History Uses Order and Classification by...
The Map of Art History essay is about how art history uses disciplines in societies to represents
itself through order and classification. From many observations and theories it considers three
subject: first is the listing of fields in art history, second is the library system is for categorizing art
books, and third is the plotting of space and time in art history from survey texts. Also in the
discussion the writer talks about the geography of art history such as where does the idea appear
from? Other questions he asked was how and why do disciplinary classifications aspire are global
remain local? What are the consequences of our continued use of mappings that have their
beginnings and backgrounds in geopolitical spaces that no longer ... Show more content on
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In the subject of field for art history Robert pointed out the art is found in all categories except for
the unknown era of the Renaissance all the way to the 19th and 20th century in Europe also the
African Diaspora. In this part of where he is examining the fields Robert shows the history of how
art progress through the globe and similar styles of art like the European art are shown in the north
and south of America. He also calls forth the Art Criticism and Theory which is to be the only
category to be critical and theoretical. Criticism in art is what demonstrates the discipline in art
history for rejection or approval of the work. According to Robert's argument he also claims that the
library system is for categorizing art books, his statement was that "every book creates order,
individually and collectively. The order of a single book is a function of its written discourse, but the
order of a group of books is greater than the sum of their texts. " (The Map of Art History, 30). By
his statement he meant that books are disciplinary and hold so much order and control over society
because of the knowledge it provides in history. Mevil Dewey was a leader of the classification
movement and the creator of the system that holds his name, stretching the educational mission of
new public libraries, because of his mission,

DSM Classification System
The DSM classification system, or The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders is
used in the United States. The manual was first published in 1952, written by the American
Psychiatric Association (JBRF, 2017). Unlike the ICD classification system, the DSM classification
system gives both a diagnosis and a classification for physical and mental health conditions. The
system has gone through various revisions. Additionally, the most up to date version is the current
DSM–5. The manuals design purpose is so that it is a continuous work in progress, as the world
goes through change and new research is being studied (Regier et al, 2013). The DSM manual
includes descriptions and symptoms for diagnosing mental disorders, but also thought

The Size Of The Water Soluble Package
1. On what basis should Walter make his recommendations for the size of the water–soluble
package? Walter should make his recommendations by first looking at the current market place.
There are two big markets one is the Tobacco farmers that make up 60 percent of the market place
and the other one is the potato farmers that make up 40 percent of the market place. It it necessary to
know how much active ingredient needed per acre meaning the size of will vary for the tobacco and
potato farms for the cost of packaging materials and equipment. Also, Walter needs to calculate the
the amounts need for farms such as a tobacco farm needs about 4 to 8 quarts of liquid per acre that
contains 2.25 Ibs that sums up 2.25 – 4.5 Ibs of AI per acer. While a potato farm need about 4 to 6
quarts of liquid per acre that contains 2.25 Ibs that sums up to 2.25– 3.375. Finally, Walter needs to
consider the usefulness or ease of the product. Such as using a liquid based product is easy for a
person to use it and store it back without any problem, compared to a dry product which requires a
lot of mixing and if you don 't uses all of it would be a waste of money.
2. What is your recommendation for the size of the water soluble package? My recommendation for
the size of the water soluble package should be 1.875 lb. Because the AI will be applied to crops
with a required rate of 2.25 pounds per acre, so by dividing it by 2 and getting 1.125 lb of active
ingredients. This will really favor the

Icd 10 : A System Of Medical Classification Of Diseases
ICD–10 stands for International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10. ICD–10 is a revision of the
ICD–9 system which physicians and other providers currently use to code all diagnoses, symptoms,
and procedures recorded in hospitals and physician practices. There are two main types of ICD–10
coding books, the International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10, Clinical Modification (ICD–
10–CM) and the International Classification of Diseases, Revision 10, Procedure Coding System
(ICD–10–PCS). ICD–10–CM is a system used by physicians and healthcare professionals to code
diagnoses and procedures that occur in American hospitals. ICD–10–PCS is a system of medical
classification used for procedural coding. The implementation of ... Show more content on
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For example, with ICD–10 codes a physician can simply look up disease patterns that relate to the
patient that he/she is currently seeing. If the patterns match up to a prior patient that has been
diagnosed with all of the same problems as the new patient, then the physician will be able to make
an educated decision to diagnose the new patient with the same diagnoses. This coding system will
not only improve patient's documentation and help with diagnosing other patients; it will improve
the physician's overall experience with his/her patients. Many practices have lost patients because of
misdiagnoses or by giving a patient medicine for a disease that they do not have. These common
mistakes are made by physicians and having a better analysis of disease patterns will help the
physician narrow down the choices of diagnoses. (ICD–10 Benefits Beyond Coding) Additional
benefits for patients from ICD–10 include better detection of fraud and abuse. There are many cases
where an individual had used another individuals health insurance benefits for their own personal
use. For example, there was a case from July 7, 2015 where a physician underreported his income
and claimed millions in false and fictitious medical supply expenses. The physician was caught and
sentenced 24 months in prison and was ordered to forfeit 17.6 million dollars. With the improved
coding system it will be more

The Skeletal System ( Include Joints, Types Classification...
MAUREEN REID – STUDENT I.D: REIM0115; TASK M; CONFIRM PHYSICAL HEALTH
STATUS.
The Skeletal System (Include Joints, Types classification and ROM)
INTRODUCTION Human beings have an endoskeleton which means the structure or skeleton is
inside us and we grow around it as it accommodates growth.
Comprised of;
Bones (206)
Joints / Articulation
Connective Tissue
See Skeleton labelling Diagram attached
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Supports soft tissue and is the framework of the entire body (scaffolding)
It provides the attachment points for muscle and ligaments
Protects delicate vital organs such as the brain, heart, lungs, and spinal cord.
They are the levers for the movement created by muscles that are attached to them
They store minerals such as calcium phosphorus which they release to the body as needed
They store lipids in the bone marrow which is used as energy
They produce Blood Cells in the red marrow
Bone Structure
Bones are not only thick and hard, they are also slightly elastic. Without elasticity they would break
too easily. They are composed mainly of bone tissue or osseous tissue. The skeletal system is very
dynamic as the bones are changing all the time, they remodel themselves depending on usage or
functional demand therefore the structure and function of the skeletal system are

Diagnostic And Diagnostic Classification System Essay
Introduction
Mental health disorders has been very strenuous and complex to understand and diagnose, many
diagnosis criteria such as DSM have been used to determine the disorders and medication (Szabo,
2011). I am asserting that "Yes, Psychopathology diagnostic classification systems (such as the
DSM or ICD) are of little use to health professionals and patients because behaviours are often
misidentified and medicalised". To assert this, this paper is going to explore four main topics that
contribute to the little use of psychopathology diagnostic classification system, these include
downsides for using DSM diagnostic criteria, Medicalisation and misdiagnose, consequences of
medicalisation to the health professionals and community and Psychological trauma in patients.
Szabo, (2011) states that Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) has been
utilised to diagnose and categorize mental illness in psychiatry. However this diagnosis is focused
on definitions of operational rather than the cause (Warelow & Holmes, 2011). This paper will first
explore the downside of using DSM criteria to diagnose mental health.
Downsides for using DSM diagnostic criteria
Using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder as a diagnostic method has been of
little use for clients and health professionals as this method gives indications that are similar for
nearly all mental health issues (Johnstone, 2008). The fact is that there is no individuals who can
claim

The Five Kingdom Classification System
In 1758 a man called Carl Linnaeus proposed the two kingdom classification system. This system
separated all living things into two categories called kingdoms. The two kingdoms were plante
(plants) and animalia (animals).this system was the basis to our classification system today (the five
kingdom system).
In 1674 the first unicellular organisms were discovered by a man called Antoine van Leeuwenhoek.
This discovery was due to his improvement to the microscope. This improvement meant an object
could be magnified over 200 times, hence why micro–organisms were found. This improvement in
the microscope also assisted into the discovery of prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This discovery meant
that two new kingdoms could be created, kingdom monera and kingdom Protista. The improvement
of the microscope has helped develop the two kingdom system into the five kingdom system it is
today.
DNA sequencing is a process used to determine the order of the nucleotides of a gene. Dna
Sequencing has advanced extremely from almost a decade ago, due to the improvement of
bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is the use of computer technologies to manage and analyse biological
data. The improvement Bioinformatics has meant DNA sequencing has become much easier, faster
and more cost effective. The improvement of the DNA sequencing technique meant that taxonomists
could use DNA sequences as characteristics when classifying specimens. Using DNA sequences as
characteristics meant classifying microorganisms

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Microemulsions
Introduction:
The selection of an appropriate dosage form is critical because a dosage form with poor drug
delivery can make a useful drug worthless. A large percent of these new chemical entities (NCEs) in
addition to many existing parent drugs often show poor solubilization behaviour which lead to poor
oral bioavailability with wide intra– and inter– subject variation and present formulators with
considerable technical challenges. [1] Many approaches have been meticulously explored to
improve the oral bioavailability of such drugs including particle size reduction (micronization or
nanosizing), complexation, and modification of the physicochemical properties. [2, 3]
Indeed, in some selected cases, these approaches have been successful while ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
History and background of Microemulsion
One of the best definitions of microemulsions is from Danielson and Lindeman [16]
"A microemulsion is a system of water, oil and an amphiphile which is a single optically isotropic
and thermodynamically stable liquid solution". In some respects, microemulsions can be considered
as small–scale versions of emulsions, i.e., droplet type dispersions either of oil–in–water (o/w) or of
water–in–oil (w/o), with a size range in the order of 5−50 nm in drop radius [17].
The droplets in a microemulsion are in the range of 1 nm–100 nm in diameter. It is well established
that dispersed particles having diameter less than one–fourth (1/4th) the wavelength of visible light,
i.e. Less than approximately 120 nm, do not refract light and therefore microemulsion appear
transparent to the eye [18]. The concept of microemulsion was introduced as early in the 1943 by
hoar & Schulman. They generated clear single phase solution by titrating a milky emulsion with
hexanol. Schulman et al. introduced the term microemulsion for this system in

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Lipidas
ADVANTAGES AND SUCCESS
Colloidal drug carriers offer a number of potential advantages as delivery systems for, weakly
soluble compounds. The first generation of colloidal carriers, in particular liposomes and
submicron–sized lipid emulsions are, however, associated with several drawbacks which so far have
prevented the wide use of these carriers in drug delivery. As an alternative colloidal delivery system
melt emulsified nanoparticles based on solid lipids have been proposed. Careful physicochemical
characterization has demonstrated that these lipid–based nanosuspensions (solid lipid nanoparticles)
are not just emulsions with solidified droplets. Colloidal drug carriers such as liposomes and
nanoparticles can be used to improve the therapeutic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Examples: Potassium laurate, sodium lauryl sulphate.
B) Cationic surfactants: – In which the hydrophilic group carries a positive charge. Example:
quaternary ammonium halide.
C) Ampholytic surfactants: – (also called zwitterionic surfactants) having both a negative and a
positive charge. Example: sulfobetaines.
D) Nonionic surfactants: – where the hydrophilic group carries no charge but derives its water
solubility from highly polar groups such as hydroxyl or polyoxyethylene. Examples: Sorbitan esters
(Spans), poly –sorbates (Tweens).
C) CO–SOLVENTS35:– The production of an optimum SEDDS needs relatively high
concentrations (generally more than 30% w/w) of surfactants, thus the concentration of surfactant
can be compact by incorporation of co surfactant. job of the co–surfactant together with the
surfactant is to lower the interfacial tension to a very small even transient negative value36. .At this
value the interface would expand to form fine dispersed droplets, and subsequently adsorb more
surfactant and surfactant/co–surfactant until their bulk condition is depleted enough to make
interfacial tension positive again. However, the use of co–surfactant in self emulsifying systems is
not mandatory for many non–ionic surfactants. The selection of surfactant and co–surfactant is
crucial not only to the

John Holland And John Trim's Occupational Classification...
Introduction Occupational classification systems are schemas for grouping jobs and job data. These
systems serve three main functions. The first function is the collection of occupational statistics.
Second, to analyze changes or patterns in the labor force and the third is for career exploration and
planning (http://career.iresearchnet.com). This paper encompasses an occupational classification
system fashioned by Reshanna Trim. In creating such a system, the author was inspired by the works
of the National Occupational Classification, John Holland and Anne Roe's classification system and
as of such decided to reference and create her own classification system (Trim's Occupational
Classification System) using the works from the aforementioned theorist. This particular system was
created to measure and evaluate personality traits and abilities in adolescents (12–18yrs) in Trinidad
and Tobago and comprises of eight groupings. Upon proceeding, this paper seeks to discuss what a
classification system is and its relevance. Rationale for Trim's Occupational Classification System–
Referencing from the National Occupational Classification, John Holland and Anne Roe's system,
Trim's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The responses to this test would be both objective and subjective. This instrument can be
administered in schools as well as online, however, it has to be coupled with career counselling.
Trim's Occupational Classification System can be quite helpful in helping an adolescent map out his
or her next step. It can be of great assistance in helping the adolescent choose CSEC subjects and
also choosing Universities and what he is she should major in based on their projected career. This
instrument seeks to be a guide for adolescents who are confused about their career path or those
seeking

Classifications Of The Prison System
The classifications of the prison systems is to signify the prisoner's institutional security risk. Also, it
helps identify the prisoner's escape risk along with identifying the most suitable options to place a
prisoner that's high risk among other inmates that's less violent. Most high risk inmates are
accommodated in a facility that's highly secured with the appropriated amount of supervision from
the prison guards. The prisoners that's less likely to escape or become less violent are the ones who
are accommodated with less security supervision. However, some inmates will find that when the
prisons are crowded it becomes harder for those to be placed in an institution the help fit their needs.
So, for the inmates that are less violent will

Key Strengths And Limitations Of The Psychiatric...
Explain the key strengths and limitations of the psychiatric classification system. Strengths of
Psychiatric Classification and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders include that it provides a well
designed standard, and comprehensive diagnostic tool for clinicians and it allows physicians to look
at the complete psychological make–up of a person. 1.3 Explain two alternative frameworks for
understanding mental distress? Biological The parts of the model are made up with: The functioning
of an individual's body The individuals biological history – DNA, Bloodline, genetic The chemical
balance and processes of an individuals brain. Psychological This part of the model is made up with:
The cognitive functions and behaviours. The model describes how an individual may interpret
things differently when they are experiencing a mental health illness, for example an individual may
develop alcohol problems. This could lead to physical problems like liver damage and economic
problems, leading to further health problems, which may reduce the likelihood of the individual to
work. Further understanding of the inter–relationship of these factors is described by the
Biopsychosocial model, where individuals who are experiencing physical illnesses can also
experience mental health problems. If an individual is diagnosed with a terminal illness or a life
enduring condition i.e. diabetes, this can limit what an individual can do, therefore it may be
recognised that the individual may become depressed and change the way they behave. 1.4 Explain
how mental ill health may be indicated through an individual's emotions,thinking and behaviour?
signs and symptoms of mental illness can vary,depending on the particular disorder, circumstances
and other factors. Mental illness symptons can affect emotions, thoughts and behaviors. Examples of
signs and sypmtoms include: Feeling sad or down confused thinking or reduced ability to
concentrate, fears or worries, paranoia or hillucinations, drug alchol abuse,excessive anger and
suicidal thinking. 2.1 Explain how individuals experience discrimination due to misinformation,
assumptions and stereotypes about mental ill health? Difficulties getting employed because
employers think that

Reduced Dosage Essay
INNOVATIONS IN DRUG DELIVERY: RAPID DISINTEGRATING TABLETS
INTRODUCTION
Innovation is the key word in the present era. As scientists are engrossed in development of newer
drug molecules, there has also been a continuous demand for the development of delivery forms for
these drugs. The main focus is on achieving reduced dosage and to make the drugs more cost
effective.
Despite the many dosage forms available in the market, the oral route remains the popular route of
choice for most consumers. Tablets, hard and soft gelatin capsules occupy a major share owing to
their numerous advantages in relation to patient compliance. Despite their popularity, there are
several drawbacks as well. An example of it is dysphagia where the patient is unable ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scherer Inc. This was one of the first patented tablet technology. It is produced by freeze drying the
drug in a gelatin matrix. The tablets are lightweight and fragile and must be packed in a special
blister packaging. The foil film should be peeled back to release the tablet the speciality of Zydis
formulation is that it disintegrates within 2–3 seconds after placing on the tongue. Bitter tste of the
drug is masked by the use of flavours and sweetening agents. Drug is absorbed from all the pre
gastric regions, viz. buccal, pharyngeal and gastric. However there are also some drawbacks. The
formulation is fragile hence it should be stored carefully. It has to be consumed within six months
after opening the secondary packaging which consists of a laminated foil and taken immediately
when the primary blister packaging is opened as the product is susceptible to

Classification Of Information For The Healthcare System
Overview of coding Coding consists of ICD–9–CM, ICD–10–CM, CPT and HCPCS codes. The
codes help classify and document the information for the healthcare system in the United States. The
ICD–9–CM stands for the International Classification of Diseases, Clinical Modifications. October
1st 2014 ICD–10–CM came out to update the class with more illnesses, conditions, and injuries of
any patient that used the medical services. The ICD–9–CM is generally classified as numerical and
alphanumerical codes with codes describing the illness and injuries. The CPT which is Current
Procedural Terminology and the HCPCS which is the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding
System are used in various medical settings. The CPT is published by the AMA yearly. CPT ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The CPT code book has nine different conventions including with symbols in the book. The
semicolon identify the main entry what is it part of all indented entries that follow with their code.
The bullets and triangles identify as the changes that were made and the current code. The facing
triangle symbol is used to identify the beginning and ending of a new or revised text within the
guidelines and instruction notes. Plus symbols are you when a procedure is carried out with another
procedure. Circled bullet symbols indicate moderate sedation is inherits part of the procedure. The
null symbol indicates codes that may not be appended with modifier 51. The pending symbol
indicates for a vaccine that is pending approval from the FDA. The resequenced symbol do not
appear in numeric sequence the reinstated code applies to codes that have been recycled. Some of
the general rules for CPT coding are analyze the note or procedural statement, determine the
procedure, locate the main term in the index, review and select the sub terms, note the code numbers
if found opposite of the selected terms, if applicable follow cross–reference never code directly from
the index, read all the notes that apply to the code, select the appropriate modifier, continue coding
all components of the procedure or services. Modifiers Modifiers may be reported with a CPT code
to identify a particular service or

Psychopathology Diagnostic Classification Systems ( Dsm )...
This paper agrees with the statement "psychopathology diagnostic classification systems (such as
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) or the International Classification
of Diseases (ICD)) are of little use to health professionals and patients because behaviours are often
misidentified and medicalised". To support this argument, this paper will discuss the most important
four main points that contribute to the subjective judgement of DSM and the limitations in validity,
reliability and utility of DSM: subjectivity of DSM, medicalisation of psychiatric disorders,
influence of pharmaceutical industry and cultural bias. A concern of the DSM is that all diagnostic
criteria in DSM are based on symptoms that are largely subjective and descriptive as DSM does not
provide lists of signs, as criteria for diagnosis (Johnstone, 2008). Such subjectivity of DSM poses a
challenge even for experienced clinicians who use the DSM and ICD criteria and also cause
diagnostic unreliability. It is argued by Johnstone (2008) that psychiatric symptoms without signs
cannot be evidence of a particular condition. The "How Mad Are You?" video by Liddell & Jay
(2008) supports the claim that the subjectivity of DSM criteria creates low reliability and validity for
a majority of the patients. In this video, there were ten volunteers who participated in this study, of
which five had a history of psychiatric disorders and five with no history of psychiatric disorders. A

Comparative Study Of Classification Algorithms
Comparative Study of Classification Algorithms used in Sentiment Analysis
Amit Gupte, Sourabh Joshi, Pratik Gadgul, Akshay Kadam
Department of Computer Engineering, P.E.S Modern College of Engineering
Shivajinagar, Pune amit.gupte@live.com Abstract–The field of information extraction and retrieval
has grown exponentially in the last decade. Sentiment analysis is a task in which you identify the
polarity of given text using text processing and classification. There are various approaches in the
task of classification of text into various classes. Use of particular algorithms depends on the kind of
input provided. Analyzing and understanding when to use which algorithm is an important aspect
and can help in improving accuracy of results.
Keywords– Sentiment Analysis, Classification Algorithms, Naïve Bayes, Max Entropy, Boosted
Trees, Random Forest.
I. INTRODUCTION
In this paper we have presented a comparative study of most commonly used algorithms for
sentimental analysis. The task of classification is a very vital task in any system that performs
sentiment analysis. We present a study of algorithms viz. 1. Naïve Bayes 2.Max Entropy 3.Boosted
Trees and 4. Random Forest Algorithms. We showcase the basic theory behind the algorithms, when
they are generally used and their pros and cons. The reason behind selecting only the above
mentioned algorithms is the extensive use in various tasks of sentiment analysis. Sentiment analysis
of reviews is very common application, the

DSM-V: The Only Categorical Approach To Our Classification...
I wholeheartedly agree with Helzer, Kraemer, and Krueger (2006) that the integration of both
categorical and dimensional approaches to our classification system is imperative. Both categorical
and dimensional approaches have strengths and weaknesses, but when combined these weaknesses
can counterbalance each other to create a stronger overall classification system. The current
categorical approach of the DSM–V is a much more black and white perspective of diagnosis. In
other words, a person is either healthy or disordered; a person either meets for the diagnostic criteria
or he does not. With a cutoff or threshold for diagnosis, it is much easier to decide who receives
treatment, as well as for insurance companies to understand who deserves ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The categorical approach for the DSM can also trivialize small but potentially significant differences
between patients. This is especially true in reference to the thresholds within the diagnostic criteria
of the DSM. For example, a client that is just below threshold for a diagnosis may be in serious need
for treatment, but without the diagnosis the client would potentially be at a loss for such services.
What is really different between a client who has been suffering symptoms of depression for thirteen
days and a client how has been suffering for fourteen days? Is the difference of a day actually
significant? No; it is an arbitrary cutoff, with little supportive research, which can greatly affect a
person's life (i.e. whether or not they can afford to receive help for their problem). Although a cutoff
is necessary so that psychologists do not over diagnose, the current classification system provides
too much of an opportunity for type II errors (i.e. false negatives). For psychological treatment, type
II errors are considerably worse as you are not providing treatment to a person that truly needs

Key Strengths And Limitations Of The Psychiatric...
1.1 Describe the main types of mental ill health according to the psychiatric (DSM/ICD)
classification system: mood disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders,
substance–related disorders, eating disorders, cognitive disorders? Mood disorders: disturbance in
the persons mood is hypothesized, this means a person's mood can change instantly Personality
disorders: is when someone think, feels, sees, and receives things differently than others they can
have extreme or unextreme feelings. This can be distressing to that person. Anxiety disorders:
everyone experiences anxiety differently, this can be when a person feels very nervous, worried, and
conscious. They can also have visible signs such as unable to sit still, sweating, short of breath.
Psychotic disorders: they will have psychotic symptoms where they will not understand reality
Substance–related disorders: these can be mainly drug or alcohol related it when people are addicted
to these substances Eating disorders: is when a person either over or under eats this can be brought
on by mental health issues or bullying. Cognitive disorders: this can be things like dementia and
amnesia this is when people forget things. 1.2 Explain the key strengths and limitations of the
psychiatric classification system? The strengths are that the right uses and medications is used to
control the illnesses also behaviours that are different to normal are noticed and seen to. The
limitations are that sometimes people are categorised in the inappropriately because the DSM–IV
does not explain the causes of different psychological disorders 1.3 Explain two alternative
frameworks for understanding mental distress? Biopsychosocial model this describes that we all
take things differently when experiencing mental health. When someone has experienced physical
illness they can also experience mental health issues Behavioural model understands mental
dysfunction. Its understood that most behavioural happenings are picked up on by watching others.
Therapy aims to reverse this, it is best used on phobias 1.4 Explain how mental ill health may be
indicated through an individual's emotions, thinking and behaviour?

India 's International Monetary System And Classification...
In this system, each country adopts a certain monetary unit with, more or less, fixed par value, based
generally upon its gold content. This par value is made the basis of its exchange rate with other
national standard momentary units, and this announced exchange rate remains stable or permanent
for some time before it is officially changed.
–The Floating Rate of Exchange
A country using the floating rate of exchange for its monetary allows its money to be traded in the
money market at exchange rates fixed by the daily forces of demand and supply for such money.
The monetary unit is allowed to seek its own price level.
–The Flexible Par Value System
The middle system between fully fixed rates of exchange and the free floating rate of exchange
("International Monetary System", 2016)
Presenters Notes for Slide 2
(Continue)
What is India's International Monetary System and classification?
Reserve Bank of India, the Central Bank of the country, is at the center of the Indian Financial and
Monetary system. RBI is among the oldest among the developing countries . It was inaugurated on
April 1, 1935 as a private shareholders ' institution under the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934. It was
nationalized in January 1949, under the Reserve Bank (Transfer to Public Ownership) of India Act,
1948
RBI took a leading role in designing and implementing policies for agricultural and industrial
development and for laying the foundations for financial markets. Some of today's premier
development

North American Industry Classification System Essay
Company Introduction
The Neuroleadership Institute (NLI) provides unique brain–based, process–focused, and outcome–
driven methodologies and frameworks that help individuals and organizations facilitate positive
change and lead more effectively. Organized through three key branches, NLI provides a customized
approach to applied neuroscience. The research help organizations transform their effectiveness,
with a focus in three practice areas: Performance, Diversity & Inclusion, and Learning.
(www.neuroleadership.com, n.d.)
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)
The industry in which NLI competes is defined as management consulting (NAICS 54161). The role
of a management consultant is to provide advisory services to businesses, non–profits and public
sector agencies to assist in organizational design, corporate strategy, information technology
strategy, marketing and sales and logistics.
The primary activities of the industry are administrative and general management consulting
services, marketing consulting services, process and logistics consulting services, as well as
actuarial, employee benefits and compensation consulting services.
The major products and services of the industry are organizational design, corporate strategy,
process and operations management, financial advisory, and strategy for human resources, IT and
marketing and sales. (Blau, 2016)
DOMINANT ECONOMIC TRAITS
Market Size
According to IBISWorld data, at the end of 2016 the size of the

The North American Industry Classification System Essay
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by Federal
statistical agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing,
and publishing statistical data related to the U.S. business economy. (North American Industry
Classification System, n.d.). NAICS is a 2 through 6 digit hierarchical classification system, offering
five levels of detail. Each digit in the code is part of a series of progressively narrower categories,
and the more digits in the code signify greater classification detail. The first two digits name the
economic sector, the third digit designates the subsector, the fourth digit designates the industry
group, the fifth digit designates the NAICS industry, and the sixth digit designates the national
industry. The 5–digit NAICS code is the level at which there is comparability in code and definitions
for most of the NAICS sectors across the three countries participating in NAICS (the United States,
Canada, and Mexico). The 6–digit level allows for the United States, Canada, and Mexico each to
have country–specific detail. A complete and valid NAICS code has six digits (North American
Industry Classification System, n.d.).
D. G. Yuengling and Son NAICS code for brewing is 312120. The NAICS code can be broken down
by: 31 – manufacturing, 312 – beverage and tobacco product manufacturing, 31212 – breweries, and
312120 – large breweries (Industry Statistics Portal, n.d.). The NAICS for breweries

Separation of a Mixture Containing Calcium Carbonate and...
Thursday 9/29/11 3:00pm Michaela Howard Partner: Craig Delancy
Separation of a Mixture Containing Calcium Carbonate and Naphthalene
Objective:
Finding a method to successfully separate a mixture of calcium carbonate and naphthalene.
Properties to be considered: Calcium Carbonate Naphthalene Solubility in water slightly insoluble
Solubility in ethanol insoluble partially Melting point 825 degrees C 80.2 degrees C Boiling point
decomposes 218 degrees C
Procedure:
Subliming the mixture seemed to be the most practical solution due to the information given in lab
by the instructor of the calcium carbonate and the naphthalene. Their properties of solubility with
water or ethanol was either ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once subliming took place, the naphthalene crystals started to form directly on the bottom of the
watch glass instead of the sides of the beaker, which was the indication that the beaker was the
correct size. Once the mixture was completely separated and the beaker cooled off to room
temperature; the beaker and watch glass was scraped for the remaining residue, and after which they
were weighed.
Data and

Essay On The North American Industry Classification System
North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) is the standard used by Federal statistical
agencies in classifying business establishments for the purpose of collecting, analyzing, and
publishing statistical data related to the U.S. business economy. NAICS was developed under the
auspices of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and adopted in 1997 to replace the
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. It was developed jointly by the U.S. Economic
Classification Policy Committee (ECPC), Statistics Canada This link to a non–federal Web site does
not imply endorsement of any particular product, company, or content., and Mexico's Instituto
Nacional de Estadistica y Geografia This link to a non–federal Web site does not ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have also attacked patent listings in the Food and Drug Administration "Orange Book" and
have alleged monopolization through fraud on the Patent and Trademark Office and sham litigation.
Yet other cases have condemned distribution agreements as unlawful exclusive dealing. These
government actions have led to substantial private class action litigation against the pharmaceutical
industry. The FTC has also challenged numerous mergers and acquisitions in the industry over the
last decade. One common feature in all of these cases is the need to define a relevant market. In
nonmerger cases, the FTC and private plaintiffsgenerally allege narrow markets, limited to a single
drug and its generic equivalent in some cases and to generic drugs excluding the bioequivalent
"brand–name" drug in other cases. In its merger challenges, on the other hand, the FTC has alleged
markets ranging from those based upon a particular chemical compound, to broader markets based
upon various drugs' manner of interaction or dosage form, to still broader markets of all drugs used
to treat a disease or condition. In numerous pharmaceutical merger challenges, the government has
included in the market not only currently marketed drugs but also other drugs under development,
alleging "innovation markets." There are several markets where it is relatively easy to name every
competitor. These are concentrated markets where only a handful of competitors

Essay On Pre Emulsifying Exparion
6.5. Pre–emulsifying extrusion in lipid nanoparticle preparation
Solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructure lipid carriers are among the most explored nano sized
drug delivery systems. They posses potentials for myriad applications such as targeting DD,
controlled DD, absorption enhancement (Müller, Radtke et al. 2002). They can be formulated in
most of treatment routes, from topical dosage forms to brain drug delivery. Because of their
lipophilic nature, lipid nanoparticles have great potential to incorporate sparingly soluble APIs to
modulate therapies. Lipid nanoparticles preparation can be categorized into solvent based or non–
solvent techniques (Mehnert and Mäder 2001). The later technique can further be divided into two ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2015) to enhance its bioavailability. By choosing proper processing parameters, a solid lipid
dispersion with particle size below 200 nm could be obtained that significantly enhanced the oral
bioavailability of fenofibrate compared to a commercial product. In another study, a conjugation of a
sonication probe with an extruder was used to fabricate a nanostructure lipid carrier loaded with
lidocaine (Bhagurkar, Repka et al. 2016). The lipid nanosuspension was formulated to a topical gel
for cutaneous pain management. The drug release profile of the dosage form was governed by drug
release from the lipid matrix, and thus it was claimed to have extended release effect. Even though
extrusion emulsifying effect is not as powerful as that of high speed homogenizers or colloidal mills,
it poses a potential to integrate into a continuous manufacturing process.
6.6. Pharmaceutical reactive extrusion
The term of reactive extrusion has been used in polymer science for several decades. It is considered
as an efficient mean for continuous polymerization, chemical modification of polymers, as well as
combination of chemical synthesis and shaping polymer products (Tzoganakis 1989). Hot melt
extrusion offers heat and microscale homogenizing simultaneously, thus it has a potential to
melt/soften compounds and blend them together at molecular level. It enables molecular contacts,
and thus chemical reactions without solvent needed. Therefore, melt extrusion is viewed as an
environment

International Classification of Accounting Systems
Classification of Accounting Systems
Critically evaluate to what extent past research into classification of accounting systems has become
irrelevant because of international harmonization efforts.
Let us remind that IASC was replaced in 2001 by IASB (International Accounting Standards
Board). We are going to start this paper with the different classification researches, taking for
example Hofstede and Gray's studies. Then we will draw the main differences between GAAP
(Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and IFRS (International Financial Reporting
Standards). We will also speak about the Americanocentrism problem. To finally dealing with the
differences and harmonization. *Two Main Example*s* of Past Studies*: ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Decisions are much easier to take. However, the experience of convergence IASB/FASB shows that
many years are necessary to ensure the convergence of two reference frames however based on the
same Anglo–Saxon culture of the businesses. This is due primarily to an existence of an opposition
between an approach by the rules in the case of FASB and an approach by the principles which
follows IASB. IASB is at the center of the convergence movement. The IFRS are described like
founded on principles, which means that they leave a big freedom of action to the companies about
the evaluation of the accounting data. The US GAAP are described like founded on rules and they
aim to regulate all the possible aspects of the presentation of the accounts. These standards thus
require very detailed information on behalf of the companies. In the case of convergence between
IASB and FASB, the harmonization of the IFRS and US GAAP is currently working and common
solutions have already been found. That do not prevent from the divergence of several points of
view, among the principal aspects to be solved one we think about the financial instruments and the
presentation of the performances. Some of the differences between US GAAP and IFRS are
embodied in the standards themselves. They are intentional deviations from US requirements.
Americanocentrism Some countries adopted some international standards

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