The document summarizes the development of the face from early embryonic development through formation of the individual structures. It discusses how the pharyngeal arches give rise to structures like the mandible, maxilla and tongue. It also describes how structures like the nose, lips, palate and skull develop. Finally, it reviews some common developmental anomalies that can occur when structures fail to form properly.

1. DEVELOPMENT OF FACE
Presented by:
SWATHI YENNEMADI
PG STUDENT
DEPT OF PROSTHODONTICS

2. CONTENTS
• Growth and development
• Introduction
• Human and foetal development
• Folding of embryo
• Pharyngeal arches
• Development of head, skull, face
• Development of mandible, maxilla and
tongue
• Developmental anomalies
• Conclusion
• List of references

3. GROWTH • Increase in size, change in
proportion and progressive
complexity- Krogman
• An increase in size- Todd
• Change in any morphological
parameter which is measurable-
Moss

4. DEVELOPMENT
Development is the
progress towards
maturity- Todd (1931)
• Differentiation is the
change from a
generalized cell or tissue
to one that is more
specialized. It is change
in quality or kind.

5. INTRODUCTION
• The oro-pharyngeal apparatus has its origin in a series of
bulges found on the lateral surface of the embryonic
head, the pharyngeal arches.
• Significantly, the development of these structures is
extremely complex, involving interactions between a
number of embryonic cell types: ectoderm, endoderm,
mesoderm and neural crest, each of which generates
particular components of the arches, and whose
development must be co-ordinated to generate the
functional adult oro-pharyngeal apparatus

8. Folding of the Embryo

9. • In 2 planes:
Rostrocaudal axis and
Lateral axis.
• After the formation of
head fold, the
developing brain and
the pericardium form
two prominent bulging
on the ventral aspect
of the embryo

13. During the third week of development an oro-
pharyngeal membrane is first seen at the site of the
future face, between primordium of the heart and
the rapidly enlarging primordium of the brain
Composed of ectoderm externally and endoderm
internally , ultimately breakdown during the fourth
week in order to form the opening between the
future oral cavity and foregut
While tissues around it expand rapidly, the
oropharyngeal membrane’s non proliferating cells
are gradually pulled apart because they cannot fill
the expanding area

14. PHARYNGEAL ARCHES
• Rod-like thickenings of mesoderm in the foregut.
• At first 6 arches. 5th arch disappear, only 5 remains.
• The ventral ends of the arches of the right and left sides
meet at the middle line in the floor of the pharynx.
• They bring about elongation of the region between the
stomatodeum and the pericardium forming neck.
• In the interval between any two adjoining arches,
endoderm extends outwards to form a series of pouches.
They are called endodermal or pharyngeal pouches.

18. Development of Head
• Formation of the head is
defined by the migration of
neural crest cells that arise from
the rhombomeres, segments of
the forming hindbrain which will
give rise to differentiated
neurons

19. Development of the Skull
 The skeleton of the head is the skull, can be divided
into 2 main parts calvaria and the facial skeleton
 Consist of 28 bones, calvaria and face are composed of
14 bones each
 The skull cap develops by intramembranous
ossification, base of the skull in contrast ossifies by
intra-cartilagenous ossification

21.  The development of face is dependent
on the development of the nearby
forebrain and prechordal plate
mesoderm
 They act as the organizers of the face,
formation of forebrain in turn sends
signals to mesoderm to induce growth of
a prominence in the midline, the
frontonasal prominence
Development of Face

22. • Two ectodermal thickenings, nasal placodes, appear
on the frontonasal process. They are the precursors of
the olfactory epithelium, responsible for the sense of
smell.
• These ectodermal placodes invaginate to form nasal
pits, the tissue surrounding them enlarge into
horseshoe-shaped protrusion- medial and lateral
nasal processes

23. • The lateral nasal process is separated from the
maxillary process (cranial portion of the mandibular
process) by a furrow that reaches the inner aspect of
the developing eye, the nasolacrimal groove
(naso-optic furrow)

24. • The oral cavity is bound inferiorly by the mandible,
which has formed by the merging of the right and left
mandibular process of the first pharyngeal arch as cell
migrate into the midline.

25. • The maxillary process also expand and as they do they
crowd the medial nasal processes toward the midline
• The medial nasal process merge
with one another to form the
intermaxillary segment which
will ultimately become the
philtrum of the upper lip
Frontal prominence - bridge of nose
Medial nasal process – philtrum of lip, primary palate,
crest and tip of nose
Lateral nasal process – alae of nose

26. • Internally, the nasal pit grow and approach the primitive
oral cavity (stomodeum). As they do so, the tissue in the
midline separating the pits becomes the nasal septum an
extension of the frontonasal process
• Thin oronasal membrane is all that separates the pits
from the oral cavity, this membrane then ruptures and
an opening now connect the oral and nasal cavities
Development of Palate

27. • End of second month a
partition forms to separate the
primitive nasal cavity from oral
cavity
• Anterior aspect is divided by
the intermaxillary segment
(fusion of medial nasal
process) and extends
posteriorly to form the primary
palate
• Most of the palate is formed by
the palatine process, derived
from the maxillary process
(palatine shelves) which form
the secondary palate

28. • The nasal septum and the two palatine shelves unite in the
midline to form separate right and left nasal chambers

29. • Paranasal sinuses are air filled extensions of the nasal
cavities within the nearby facial bones
• Maxillary sinus form as an external diverticulum from the
nasal cavity, frontal and sphenoidal are not present at birth

30. DEVELOPMENT OF MANDIBLE
• During the fourth to fifth week the mandibular process
gradually enlarge and merge in midline. Between the
fifth and eight week neural crest of first pharyngeal arch
give rise to left and right cartilaginous rods called the
Meckel’s cartilage.
• These form the core around which the membranous
bone of the lower jaw develops

32. • From this centre of ossification, bone formation
spreads rapidly anterior to the midline and
posteriorly to a point where mandibular nerve
divides into its lingual and inferior alveolar
branches.
• Further growth of mandible till birth is under the
influence of the secondary cartilages:- Condylar,
Coronoid, Symphyseal cartilages

33. The mandibular process forms the lower lip, the
lower jaw, lower part of the cheek
The mentum marks the site where the 2 mandibular
process merge in the midline.
A partial or incomplete merger of these mandibular
process forms the common midline chin dimple or
cleft

34. DEVELOPMENT OF RAMUS
• Rapid spread of
ossification
posteriorly into the
mesenchyme of the
1st arch.
• Point of divergence is
marked by the lingula
where the mandible
ossifies away from
Meckel's cartilage

35. CHEEKS After formation of upper and lower lips, the
stomatodaeum is very broad. On the lateral side it is bounded
above by maxillary process and below by mandibular process. The
maxillary and mandibular processes fuse to form the cheeks.
EYES The eyes develop from the lens placode which are
ectodermal thickenings present lateral and cranial to the nasal
placode.
EYELID Eyelids are derived from folds of ectoderm that are
formed above and below the eyes, and by mesoderm enclosed
within the folds.

38. NASOLACRIMAL DUCT:
Nasolacrimal duct is formed by
fusion between the lateral nasal
& maxillary processes,
separated by a deep groove.
This duct is important in the
drainage of excess tears from
the conjunctiva of the eye into
the nasal cavity

39. Developmental anomalies of Jaws
• Agnathia
• Micrognathia
• Macrognathia
• Facial hemihyperatrophy
• Facial hemiatrophy

40. DEVELOPMENT OF TONGUE
• The tongue develops at about 4th week of
intrauterine life in relation to the pharyngeal
arches in the floor of the developing mouth
• Medial most part of the mandibular arches
proliferate to form 2 lateral lingual swellings
that enlarge and merge with each other and
the tuberculam impair to form a large mass,
from which anterior 2/3rd of the tongue is
formed.

41. • Root of the tongue arises from a large midline
swelling developed from the mesenchyme of
the 2nd 3rd & 4th arches. Called hypo-brachial
eminence (copula cranial part and caudal part)
• As tongue develops, hypobranchial eminence
overgrows the copula.
• Posterior part of the fourth arch marks the
development of the epiglottis.

43. Anomalies of tongue
• Macroglossia, microglossia, aglossia
• Bifid tongue
• Ankyloglossia
• Persistence of tuberculum impar
• Thyroid tissue within the muscles
• Remnants of thyroglossal duct
• Fissured tongue

44. Developmental anomalies of the face
• Harelip
• Oblique facial cleft
• Macrostomia
• Lateral facial cleft
• Retrognathia
• Agnathia
• Mandibulofacial
dysostosis
• Hypertelorism
• Congenital pits and fissure on lips
• proboscis

45. Developmental anomalies of
lips and palate
• Commissural pits and fistulas
• Van der woude syndrome
• Cleft lip and cleft palate
• Chelitis glandularis
• Chelitis granulomatosa

46. Conclusion
Embryological formation of the head and
neck is a complex process that begins very
early in human development.
Knowledge of this process is important in
order to diagnose abnormalities, and to
understand how and where in development
they can occur.

47. REFERENCES
• Inderbir Singh; G.P. Pal- human embryology-seventh
edition.
• Nanci A. Tencate’s Oral Histology- Development,
Structure and Function, 8th Ed, MosbyMissouri.
• Kumar GS, Orban’s Oral Histology and Embrology, 13th Ed, Elsevier
Mosby.
• Som P M, Naidich T P: illustrated review of the embryology and
development of the facial region; Jan2014
• Barnes S; Development of the face and the palate; June 2019

48. • S.l Bhalajhi, orthodontics the art and science, 3rd
edition.
• Berkovitz BKB, Holland GR, Moxham BJ, Oral
Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, 4th Ed, Mosby,
Missouri.
• Shafers, textbook of oral pathology, 7th edition.

49. THANK YOU