Carrier Ethernet - What & Why Explained

Carrier Ethernet –
What & Why
By
Anuradha Udunuwara
June 2014
1Anuradha Udunuwara | @AnuradhaU

Content
• What is Ethernet?
• What is Carrier (Metro) Ethernet?
• Why Carrier Ethernet?
• Standards
– Technology neutral – MEF
– Technology specific – IEEE, IETF

What is Ethernet?

What Do We Mean By “Ethernet?”
• Ethernet as an interface
• Ethernet as a point-to-point link
 IEEE 802.3 view
• Ethernet as a Packet Switched Network (PSN) infrastructure
(transport)
 IEEE 802.1 (bridging) view
 ITU-T SG15 / SG13 managed Ethernet network view
• Ethernet as a protocol
• Ethernet as a service
 MEF view – user-to-user transfer of 802.3 frames over any
transport layer
 E-Line, E-LAN, E-Tree, E-Access

Ethernet evolution through generations

Categories of traditional Ethernet
<data rate><Signaling method><Max segment length or cable type>

5-4-3 Rule
10-Mbps Ethernet could
be used on no more
than 5 network
segments, 4 repeaters,
and no more than 3 of
the five network
segments can be for
end-users.
7
Source: http://xvongola.blogspot.com/2011/09/aturan-5-4-3-dan-aturan-5-4-3-2-1-pada.html
Anuradha Udunuwara | @AnuradhaU

IEEE 802.3 Cable Types
Name
Cable
Max.
Max Cable
Segment
Length /m
Nodes
/segment
Topology
10Base5 thick coax
500 100
Bus
10Base2 thin coax 185
30
Bus
10BaseT
twisted
pair
100
1
Star
10BaseF
Fiber
Optic
2000 1 Star

IEEE 802.3 Cable Types, cont.,
9
Source: http://learn-networking.com/network-design/a-brief-overview-of-ethernet-history
(RG-58)
(RG-8)
(Cat 3 and above)

10Base2

10Base5
11
Source: http://www.openxtra.co.uk/articles/ethernet-network-cabling
Source: http://flylib.com/books/en/1.408.1.35/1/

10BaseT
• Uses twisted pair Cat3 cable
• Star-wire topology
• A hub functions as a repeater with additional functions
• Fewer cable problems, easier to troubleshoot than coax
• Cable length at most 100 meters

10Base-F
13
Source: http://www.systelcanada.net/products.asp?cid=19&sid=33
Angular Physical
Contact for high
power laser

Fast Ethernet
• 100 Mbps transmission rate
• same frame format, media access, and
collision detection rules as 10 Mbps Ethernet
• can combine 10 Mbps Ethernet and Fast
Ethernet on same network using a switch
• media: twisted pair (CAT 5) or fiber optic
cable (no coax)
• Star-wire topology
– Similar to 10BASE-T

Fast Ethernet implementations

16
Source: http://learn-networking.com/network-design/a-brief-overview-of-ethernet-history

Full-duplex switched Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet
• Speed 1Gpbs
• Operates in full/half duplex modes. Mostly full
duplex
• Maximum length of the cable is determined
by the signal attenuation in the cable

10 Gbps Ethernet
 Maximum link distances cover 300 m to 120 km
 Full-duplex mode only
 Uses optical fiber only
19
Source: http://www.lascon.co.uk/SAN-Cables-and-Connectors.php

Beyond 10 Gigabit Ethernet
• 40 GE
• 100 GE
• 400 GE
• 1 T
20
Source: https://www.synopsys.com/Company/Publications/DWTB/Pages/dwtb-data-centers-2014Q1.aspx

History
• 1973 - 1st document
• 1975 -Xerox gets patent
• 1976 - deployed at Xerox
• 1980 - DIX (Digital/Intel/Xerox)
standard published (The
Ethernet, A Local Area Network.
Data Link Layer and Physical
Layer Specifications_v1)
• 1982 - v2
• 1982 - IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD
standard approved (Other
options: Token Ring and Token
Bus)
• 1983 – IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD
Draft Published
• 1985 – IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD
Standard published
21
Source: http://www.windowsnetworking.com/articles-tutorials/netgeneral/history.html

The Basic Ethernet Bus
22
Thinet coaxial cable
Disconnecting a single connection will bring the whole network down!
Source : http://www.datacottage.com/nch/eoperation.htm

Collisions
23

Using a Hub
24
• Bus - >Star
• Collisions still possible
• Centralized wiring
• Can automatically bypass any ports that are disconnected or have a cabling fault
• -> network much more fault tolerant than a coax based system

Using a Switch
25
• To overcome the problem of collisions and other effects on network speed
• Machines can transmit simultaneously

IEEE Ethernet (IEEE 802)
• In IEEE 802.3 Ethernet Data link layer is split into two
sublayers:
– Top part: LLC (Logical Link Control)
• The subframe is called IEEE 802.2
• Provides error and flow control if needed
• It makes the MAC sublayer transparent
– Allows interconnectivity between different LANs data link layers
• Used to multiplex multiple network layer protocols in the data link
layer frame
• Implemented in software
– Bottom part: MAC
• The frame is called IEEE 802.3 in CSMA/CD
• Handles framing, MAC addressing, Medium Access Control
• Specific implementation for each LAN protocol
– Defines CSMA/CD as the access method for Ethernet LANs and Token
passing method for Token Ring
• Implemented in hardware

IEEE 802,
Some examples
802.1 Bridging (networking) and Network Management
802.2 Logical link control (upper part of data link layer)
802.3 Ethernet (CSMA/CD) (defines the physical layer and
data link layer's MAC of wired Ethernet)
802.17 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR)
802.11 Wireless LAN & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
802.15 Wireless PAN
802.15.1 Bluetooth certification
802.15.4 ZigBee certification
802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX certification)
802.16e (Mobile) Broadband Wireless Access
802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access

IEEE 802.3
802.3a 10BASE2 10 Mbit/s over thin Coax
802.3i 10BASE-T 10 Mbit/s over twisted pair
802.3j 10BASE-F 10 Mbit/s over Fiber-Optic
802.3u
100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T4, 100BASE-FX Fast Ethernet at 100 Mbit/s w/auto-
negotiation
802.3x Full Duplex and flow control
802.3y 100BASE-T2 100 Mbit/s over low quality twisted pair
802.3z 1000BASE-X 1 Gbit/s Ethernet over Fiber-Optic
802.3ab 1000BASE-T 1 Gbit/s Ethernet over twisted pair
802.3ac Max frame size extended to 1522 bytes (to allow "Q-tag")
802.3ad Link aggregation for parallel links
802.3ae
10 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber; 10GBASE-SR, 10GBASE-LR, 10GBASE-ER,
10GBASE-SW, 10GBASE-LW, 10GBASE-EW
802.3af Power over Ethernet (12.95 W)
802.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile
802.3an 10GBASE-T 10 Gbit/s Ethernet over UTP
802.3at Power over Ethernet enhancements (25.5 W)
802.3av 10 Gbit/s EPON 29Anuradha Udunuwara | @AnuradhaU

IEEE 802.1
30
802.1w-2001 Rapid Reconfiguration of Spanning Tree (RSTP)
802.1D-2004 MAC Bridges (rollup of 802.1w)
802.1s-2002 Multiple Spanning Trees (MSTP)
802.1v-2001 VLAN Classification by Protocol and Port
802.1Q-2005 VLAN Bridges (Rollup of 802.1s and 802.1v)
802.1ad-2005 Provider Bridging (PB)
802.1ag-2007 Connectivity Fault Management (CFM)
802.1ah-2008 Provider Backbone Bridge (PBB)
802.1aq-2012 Shortest Path Bridging (SPB)
802.1Qay-2009 Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering (PBB-TE)
802.1Q-2011
VLAN Bridges (Rollup of 802.1Q-2005+Cor-1 and
802.1ad/ag/ah/Qay)
802.1X-2010 Port Based Network Access Control

Standard to maturity
31
Source: http://enterprise.huawei.com/en/solutions/basenet/intranet/theme/hw-131155.htm

Ethernet provides Unreliable, Connectionless service
– Ethernet data link layer protocol provides
connectionless service to the network layer
• No handshaking between sending and receiving
adapter.
– Ethernet protocol provides unreliable service to the
network layer :
• Receiving adapter doesn’t send ACK to sending
adapter
• This means stream of datagrams passed to network
layer can have gaps (missing data)
– Gaps will be filled if application is using reliable transport
layer protocol
» Otherwise, application will see the gaps

IP vs Ethernet
• Wrong questions to
ask
– Which is better – IP or
Ethernet?
– Which is cheaper?
– Is Ethernet going to
take over from IP?
– Will IP win out in the
end?
• Answers
– Ethernet and IP will co-exist
– Complimenting each other
– Meeting different needs
– Both occurring in hybrid
networks
– Delivered over a single, global
platform
– Sharing similar cost and
service characteristics

Why Ethernet ?
• Most common Interface today
• Cost effective
• Supports very high Bandwidths (100 Gbps, 400 Gbps, 1 Tbps, ...)
• Flexible upgrades within a wide range (ex: 1Mbps to
1Gbps)
• Easy and simple to manage and maintain
• Varaible payload support

Cost effectiveness
35
Source: https://aapt.com.au/migration-ip-data-ethernet-services-aapt-whitepaper

Use case : Mobile Backhaul Migration
36
Source: http://mobiledevdesign.com/learning-resources/lte-s-last-hurdle-testing-time-ethernet-mobile-backhaul

What is Carrier (Metro)
Ethernet?

Global Expansion from Metro to Carrier Ethernet
• The Beginning: Metro Ethernet (ME)
– MEF was formed in 2001 to develop ubiquitous business services
for Enterprise users principally accessed over optical metropolitan
networks to connect their Enterprise LANs
• Expansion to Carrier Ethernet (CE)
– Success of ME Services caught the imagination of the world as the
concept expanded to include
• Worldwide services traversing national and global networks
• Access networks to provide availability to a much wider class of
user over fiber, copper, cable, PON, and wireless
• Economy of scale from the resulting converged business,
residential and wireless networks sharing the same
infrastructure and services
• Scalability & rapid deployment of business applications
• Adoption of the certification program
– While retaining the cost model and simplicity of Ethernet

Relationship between the MEF
Specifications and CE
– Technical work of MEF as described in the
specifications, together with the work of
associated standards bodies, collectively
enable the functionality and attributes of
CE
– Completed specifications continue to refer to
MENs (Metro Ethernet Networks) but this is
now a generic term covering the enabled
service network in the increasing variety of
access, metro and long haul networks

What is CE ?
• Is it a service, a network, or a technology?
• Answer for an end-user
– It’s a Service defined by 5 attributes
• Answer for a service provider
– A set of certified network elements that
connect to transport CE services for all
users, locally & worldwide
– It’s a platform for value added services
– A standardized service for all users

MEF CE Definition
A ubiquitous, standardized, carrier-class Service
and Network defined by 5 attributes that
distinguish it from familiar
LAN based Ethernet

Attribute 1: Standardized Services
CEEnterprise Ethernet
 Provide service across multiple
geographies and multiple networks
 Provides service to multiple customers
 Needs to provide converged transport
with optimal use of present investment
 Service provided over one
network (Company LAN)
 One customer – can
customize network to
requirements
Network 1
Network 2
Network 3

1000
Nodes
Attribute 2: Scalability
 Need to scale to millions of
nodes
 Need to scale from few Mbps
data rate to 10 Gbps and beyond
 Network needs to support
several services
 Few hundreds or
thousands of nodes
 Need to scale from 10
Mbps to 1 Gbps
 Limited number of
services to be supported
CE
Enterprise
Ethernet
100
Nodes
100 Mbps
1 Gbps
100
Nodes
100 Mbps
1000
Nodes
1 Gbps
10 Gbps
10K
Nodes
100 Gbps
10M
Nodes

Attribute 3: Reliability
 Need to provide protection
in case of link failure in less
than 50 ms
 Need to provide five 9s
reliability of equipment
 Need to recover from faults as
quickly as possible to provide
uptime as specified in SLA
 Equipment is all within a premise,
more reliable with easy recovery
 No strict time limits needed on link
protection, no SLAs associated with
network availability
CE
Enterprise
Ethernet
$$$$ $$
SLA losses
50ms protection

Attribute 4: Service Management
 Need to quickly monitor and
diagnose faults across multiple
vendor equipment
 Ability to rapidly provision the
bandwidth end-to-end
 Fault isolation is easy
since equipment is all
within a premise
 Bandwidth is more static
in nature, no need for
provisioning
CEEnterprise
Ethernet
Service
Down
Vendor 1
Vendor 2
Vendor 3
Service
Down

Attribute 5: Quality of Service
 Bandwidth is cheap,
hence no contention
in the network
 No variety in traffic
profiles, identical
treatment is
acceptable
Enterprise
Ethernet High-speed
Mobile Internet
Mobile Voice
Enterprise
Services
Leakage of SLA-based
traffic due to congestion
Metro
Network
High-speed Mobile
Internet
Mobile Voice
Enterprise
Services
Metro
Network
 QoS absolutely required to
service variety of SLAs
 Ability to treat customer traffic
in agreement with the SLAs
CE

Equipment
Transport
Technologies
Availability
End Customer
Geographic
Reach
In summary
Ethernet in LAN CE
Department heads
Employee
Some tolerance for disruption
Cat5 Fiber
Wireless
Campus
Building
Wiring closet
Metro
National
International
Service-oriented
Highly resilient
Carrier environmental
Fiber T1/E1, T3/E3
Cat5 SONET/SDH
Cu Wireless
No tolerance for disruption
Driven by SLA
Corporate IT
Consumer

Other CE Network (CEN)
requirements
• Availability
• Stability
• Performance
• Multicast support
• TDM support
• Security
48

Availability (Resilience)
49 Hardware Component of CE Node High Availability mechanism
Route processor 1:1
Switching fabric 1:1
Power supply 1+1 Note
Power feed 1+1 Note
Cooling system 1+1 Note
Any other control plane module 1:1
Any other switching plane component 1:1
Note : single component shall be able to take the full load of the CE node
1:1 active – standby
1+1 load sharing

Availability (Resilience),
Cont.,
• ITU-T G.8032 version 1 & 2 (ERPS)
• Software level high availability features;
– NSR for
• LDP
• RSVP TE
• BGP
• OSPF
• PIM-SM and PIM-SSM
– ISSU
– BFD requirement shall be analyzed for following in the future stage
• LDP
• RSVP
• BGP
• OSPF
• PIM-SM and PIM-SSM
– NSF requirement shall be analyzed in future stage
50

Stability
• Stability of the CEN and its NE are
very important. This should ensure
consistent performance of the NE
• MTBF and MTTR values shall meet
99.999% node availability
requirements
51

Performance
• Scalability of the CEN determine by
providing sufficient bandwidth to be able to
guarantee a committed level of
performance for the full service portfolio of
end users
• CEN shall be designed to achieve the
certain QoS requirements/KPIs defined with
the set of services/products
• CEN must be able to handle unpredictable
surges in traffic, and appropriate load
52

Multicasting
• To support IPTV and other multicast
applications, the CEN shall support IP
multicast protocols
• Layer 3 based (PIM) multicast technology
is preferred over Layer 2 technology for
scalability and flexibility reasons
• Layer 2 multicasting features shall be
available for customer multicasting
services
53

TDM Circuits
(e.g. T1/E1 Lines)
Supporting TDM services
• Enables TDM Services to be transported across
CEN, re-creating the TDM circuit at the far end
(Circuit Emulation Services (CES) over CE)
– Runs on a standard Ethernet Line Service (E-Line)
• Use Synchronous Ethernet or IEEE 1588v2 for
frequency and time of day synchronization
Carrier Ethernet Network
TDM Circuits
(e.g. T1/E1 Lines) Circuit Emulated
TDM Traffic

Ethernet Access: Initial Positioning
• Ethernet access networks were considered for new backbones only
– Huge saving in the access is expected: “it’s all about money, not technology”
Traditional (Legacy) Networks
Traditional
Access
Legacy Infrastructure
Ethernet
Access
New Packet-Switched
Networks (PSN)
New Infrastructure
New Backbone
- GbE (Metro)
- MPLS
- IP
Legacy Backbone
- SDH
- ATM

Ethernet Access to Legacy and
Packet-Switched Networks
• Co-existence of legacy and new packet-switched backbone networks
• Same Ethernet access to SDH and ATM as well as to PSN
– “Bottom-Up” approach to Ethernet access deployment
New Backbone
- GbE
- MPLS
- IP
Legacy Backbone
- SDH
- ATM
Ethernet
Access
Traditional
Access

Evolution of Ethernet Service Delivery
NTU Legacy
Access
TDM, FR, ATM
Legacy Core
ATM, SDH
PSN Core
Ethernet, IP, MPLS
PSN Core
Ethernet, IP, MPLS
NTU Legacy/Ethernet
Access
TDM, FR, ATM
Ethernet
NTU
PSN Access
Ethernet, MPLS
• Ethernet service (user)
interface at NTU
• PSN core, and mix of
Ethernet and Legacy in the
access
• “All PSN” network PSN,
Access and Core

Emulated Services challenges
• Maintain legacy services
– Optimization of BW usage over DSL access link
• Synchronization and clock distribution over a Packet Network
• Support legacy services while keeping IP AGW (DSLAM/MSAN) cost low
– Reduce AGW complexity to the lowest possible level
– Same DSL card for different emulated services
• Multiservice offering at customer premises (multiservice over single access link as
an example : FR + LAN or FR + Leased Line)

Pseudo Wire (PW) – concept
– synchronous bit stream is chopped into packets
– MPLS/IP headers are added
– Packets are forwarded to destination over the IP network
– At destination, the original bit stream is reconstructed by
removing MPLS/ IP headers, concatenating the packets, and
regenerating the clock
Legacy Service
frame
Legacy service
frame
Ethernet/ MPLS/ IP Packets
Ethernet/IP
Ethernet/ MPLS/ IP Packets

PW Technology - Standards
• TDMoIP Standards:
– IETF - ietf-pwe3-tdmoip
– ITU - Y.1413 – TDMoIP section
– MFA – IA 4.0
– MEF – CESoE (Q2/06)
• Other PW standards
– IETF - ietf-pwe3-CESoPSN
– IETF - ietf-pwe3-SAToP
– ITU - Y.1413 – CESoPSN and SAToP sections

Migration to IP/MPLS Networks:
Maintaining Legacy Services
• Maintaining existing services over new IP infrastructure
• IP AGW as multiservice access node especially for legacy services
• Several options for Service Emulation :
– Edge-Edge
– CPE-CPE
CPE Access
Legacy
Network
Access CPEPOTS/ISDN
Leased Lines
X.25/FR/ATM
POTS/ISDN
Leased Lines
X.25/FR/ATM
IP/MPLS
Network
Edge-to-Edge Service Emulation (PWE3)
CLE
Access Access
CLE
CLE-to-CLE Service Emulation
POTS/ISDN
Leased Lines
X.25/FR/ATM
POTS/ISDN
Leased Lines
X.25/FR/ATM
CPE CPE

Circuit Emulation Over Ethernet (MEF)
• Industry’s first formal definition of CES standards over Ethernet
• CESoETH “tunnels” TDM traffic through a CEN
– Packet network “emulates” a circuit-switched network, re-creating the TDM circuit
– Invisible to TDM source and destination equipment
– Runs on a standard Ethernet Line Service (E-Line)
• Treats the CEN as a “virtual wire” between two TDM networks
PSTN
Customer
Premises CESoETH
Ethernet UNI Ethernet UNI
Ethernet
E-Line Service
Ethernet
T1/DS3T1/DS3 CES
IWF
TDM subscriber
demarcation
TDM Network
Interface
Service Provider Network
CESoETH can be delivered over any Ethernet access technology!
Carrier Ethernet Network CES
IWF

MBH

Backhaul vs. Fronthaul
64
Source: http://www.ospmag.com/issue/article/Fronthaul-Small-Cells-New-Best-Friend

Mobile Backhaul Migration
65
Source : http://www.edn.com/design/test-and-measurement/4405540/Mobile-backhaul-transition-required-for-wireless-services

NG RAN Transport Network
• CE
– can be supported over different physical transports
– supports backhaul of all mobile generations over a single pipe
– enables high, scalable, and flexible bandwidth at lower cost
• Five-Nines availability, redundancy , and OA&M supported using CE
• CE positions the RAN for WCDMA, LTE, and WiMAX backhaul
BTS
BSC
EthEth
TDM
E1/T1
IP
ETH
eNodeB (3GPP R5/ LTE)
BS (WiMax)
Access
Device
Gateway
G.823/824
Compliant
Clock
ATM RNC R99/4
IP RNC
LTE AGW
ATM/IMANodeB
Carrier
Ethernet

Multi Physical Transport Mobile Backhaul
Direct Fiber
User to Network Interface (UNI)
Network to Network Interface (NNI)
MBH Generic Interworking Function (GIWF) - Ex: MEF3/8
BTS/NodeB
BTS/NodeB
BTS/NodeB
BTS/NodeB
N x GigE
Wireless CO
(RNC/BSC)
Carrier
ONT
BTS/NodeB
Splitter
PON Fiber
Carrier

Service Convergence for Multiple Generations
Wireless
Generation
Cell Site Interface RNC/BSC Interface Supported Service
GSM, CDMA TDM: T1/E1, DS3/E3,
OC3/STM-1
TDM: T1/E1, DS3/E3,
OC3/STM-1
MEF 3/8 (Emulation of PDH
Circuits over Metro Ethernet
Networks) based
CESoPSN/SAToP
WCDMA based
UMTS R.99/4,
HSDPA,
ATM & ATM IMA: T1/E1,
DS3/E3, OC3/STM-1
ATM: T1/E1, DS3/E3,
OC3/STM-1
MEF 3/8 based
CESoPSN/SAToP
IETF based ATM PWE3
(RFC4717)
CDMA2000: 1xRTT,
1xEVDO
HDLC: T1/E1, DS3/E3 HDLC: T1/E1, DS3/E3,
OC3/STM-1
MEF 3/8 based
CESoPSN/SAToP
IETF based HDLC PWE3
(RFC 4618)
iDEN FR: T1/E1, DS3/E3 FR: T1/E1, DS3/E3,
OC3/STM-1
MEF 3/8 based
CESoPSN/SAToP
IETF based FR PWE3
(RFC 4619)
WCDMA/UMTS R.5,
EVDO, WiMAX, LTE
Ethernet: Fast Ethernet Ethernet: GigE Ethernet Services
May based on IETF based
Ethernet PWE3 (RFC 4448)

Security
• CEN addresses the security which
provides confidentiality, integrity and
availability of specific services.
• Following areas shall be equipped with
necessary security mechanisms,
– Node security
– Access security
– Interconnection security – UNI and I-NNI
– Protocol security – UNI and I-NNI
69

CE 2.0

Why CE Generations?
• Clearly communicate the CE evolution and
the value it brings to the market
• Provides a directional roadmap for the
industry

CE Generations Framework

• 8 Ethernet virtual and port-based services
• 3 powerful features:
– Standardized Multi-CoS
– Interconnect
– Manageability
• Enables enriched Mobile & Business Services
Enterprise and Cloud Applications,
New simple Ethernet access connections
• Supported by new services-oriented
Certification
A new generation of CE

CE Service Types

CE Service Matrix
75
Source: http://metroethernetforum.org/page_loader.php?p_id=2262

Attributes
CE 2.0 Service Management
Automated management Brings Scalability
3 Recent/New Specs for
SOAM, FM/PM
New Metrics
UNI
EVC1
CoS 4 10 Mbps CIR for VoIP
CoS 2
20Mbps CIR for VPN data
traffic
68Mbps for Internet Access
EVC2
CoS 6
2 Mbps CIR for control
New CE 2.0 Class
of Service Extensions
Industry’s First Standardized Multi-CoS
Application & Distance-Oriented Performance Objectives for Next Gen SLAs
Enables New Level of Network Efficiency, Responsiveness for Enterprises & MBH
CE 2.0 Multi-CoS
UNI
Retail Provider’s
CE Network
UNI
Cloud
ENNI
Wholesale
Access Network
CE Exchange
ENNI
Integrates autonomous,
CE networks, as a single
regional/global network
New Wholesale Service
simplifies lowers costs, adds revenue
CE 2.0 Interconnect

Why CE?

Today’s world demands
– Any application, any connectivity, on any device
– Information, voice, video or data
– Entertainment – video voice, data any source
– At home, in the office, on the go, seamlessly
and always connected
– Any time, 24/7/365, on demand
– All delivered on one ubiquitous high
performance, global service

79
Issues with Legacy Networks
• Low bandwidth
• No flexibility to scale
• High cost of installation
• Slow provisioning
• Bandwidth growth inflexible/non-linear
– Limited by multiplexing hierarchy
• TDM-based access: inefficient for converged
data

Why Ethernet in the Metro?
10/100
Base -T
Enables true extension of Enterprise LAN across multiple locations,
as well as effectively providing other multipoint services
Utilize simplicity and ubiquity of Ethernet as a technology
Enables bandwidth efficiency in the network due to statistical
multiplexing
Low price/bandwidth ratio makes Ethernet the technology of choice
Ethernet Ethernet

81
CE Value Propositions
• Lower per-user provisioning costs
– Technically simple relative to TDM ckts.
– Due to large installed base
• Efficient and flexible transport
– Wide range of speeds: 1 Mbps--10 Gbps
– QoS capabilities
• Ease of inter-working
– Plug-and-play feature
• Ubiquitous adoption
– The technology of choice in enterprise networks

82
Ethernet Business Drivers
• Business connectivity
– Storage networks
– Data centers
– Video conferencing
• Residential services
– Triple-play services (IPTV)
– On-line gaming
– High-speed Internet access
• Wireless backhaul
– Reduced cost, complexity for mobile operators

CE Market
• Services Revenue : $5B (2012) to over $11B (2017) [Insight
Research]
• Equipment Revenue: $31.7B (2011) to $42B (2016) [Infonetics]
• CE Equipment spend: $186 billion over next 5 years!

Standards
Technology neutral
Technology specific

MEF

86
Since 2001, Developing, Marketing and Certifying
Standards for CE Services
Standards ComplianceEducationOperations
213 Members - 119 Service Providers - 40 Standards
689 Certified Products (54 CE 2.0) - 854 MEF CECPs
Accelerating the
Global Adoption of
CE Networks
and Services

Part of International Standards Community
MEF’s role is largely additive to these organizations, developing necessary
additional specifications that are required to enable CE.
MEF also provides inputs in support of CE to these bodies via its participating
members and liaisons.
It is not within the scope of the MEF to endorse or otherwise the work of other
standards bodies and associations

CE: Scope of MEF Work
SoHo & Residential Triple-PlaySmall/Medium BusinessEnterprise Clients Mobile data/video
HD TV, TVoD, VoD,
Content Providers
Video
Source
Gaming, DR, ERP Voice/Video
Telephony
Internet information &
Software apps
Host applications,
Consolidated Servers
Carrier Ethernet
CE wire-line and mobile backhaul
with copper, fiber , cable, wireless access network delivery

CE Architecture
EVC: Ethernet Virtual Connection
UNI: User Network Interface. The physical demarcation point between the responsibility of the
Service Provider and the responsibility of the Subscriber.
UNI-C: UNI customer-side processes
UNI-N UNI network-side processes
ENNI: External Network to Network Interface. The physical demarcation point between the
responsibility of the two Service Providers
ENNI-N: ENNI processes
Ethernet Services (“Eth”) Layer Terminology
Service Provider 1
Carrier Ethernet
NetworkCE
UNI
End User
Subscriber Site
ETH
UNI-C
ETH
UNI-N
ETH
UNI-N
ETH
ENNI-N
ETH
UNI-C
UNI
CE
ENNI
Service Provider 2
ETH
ENNI-N
End User
Subscriber Site
EVC
Carrier Ethernet
Network
“In a CEN, data is transported across Point-to-Point and Multipoint-to-
Multipoint Ethernet Virtual Connections (EVCs) according to the attributes
and definitions of the E-Line, E-LAN, E-Tree and E-Access services”

MEF EVC
– Service container
– Connects two or more subscriber sites (UNI’s)
– An association of two or more UNIs
– Prevents data transfer between sites that are not
part of the same EVC
– Three types of EVCs
• Point-to-Point
• Multipoint-to-Multipoint
• Rooted Multipoint
– Can be bundled or multiplexed on the same UNI
– Defined in MEF 10.2 technical specification

91
Service Attributes
• Physical Interface
– Medium, speed, mode, MAC layer
• Traffic Parameters
– CIR, CBS, PIR, MBS
• QoS Parameters
– Availability, delay, IFDV, loss
• Service Multiplexing
– Multiple instances of EVCs on a given physical I/F
• Bundling
– Multiple VLAN IDs (VID) mapped to single EVC at UNI

Services Using E-Line Service Type
Ethernet Private Line (EPL)
• Replaces a TDM Private line
• Port-based service with single service (EVC) across
dedicated UNIs providing site-to-site connectivity
• Typically delivered over SDH (Ethernet over SDH)
• Most popular Ethernet service due to its simplicity
Point-to-Point EVCs
Carrier Ethernet
Network
CE UNI
CE
UNI
CE
UNI
ISP
POP
UNI
Storage
Service
Provider
Internet

Services Using E-Line Service Type
Ethernet Virtual Private Line (EVPL)
• Replaces Frame Relay or ATM L2 VPN services
– To deliver higher bandwidth, end-to-end services
• Enables multiple services (EVCs) to be delivered over single physical
connection (UNI) to customer premises
• Supports “hub & spoke” connectivity via Service Multiplexed UNI at hub
site
– Similar to Frame Relay or Private Line hub and spoke deployments
Service
Multiplexed
Ethernet
UNI
Point-to-Point EVCs
Carrier Ethernet Network
CE
UNI
CE
UNI
CE
UNI

Services Using E-LAN Service Type
• EP-LAN: Each UNI dedicated to the EP-LAN service.
Example use is Transparent LAN
• EVP-LAN: Service Multiplexing allowed at each UNI.
Example use is Internet access and corporate VPN via one
UNI
Ethernet Private LAN
example
Multipoint-to-Multipoint
EVC
Carrier
Ethernet
Network
CE
UNI
CE
CE
UNI
UNI
Ethernet Virtual
Private LAN
example
Multipoint-to-Multipoint
EVC
Carrier
Ethernet
Network
CE
UNI
CE
CE
UNI
UNI
Point-to-Point EVC
(EVPL)
UNI
CE
ISP POP
Internet

95
Services Using E-Tree Service Type
Carrier Ethernet
Network
CE
UNI
UNI
CE
CE
Leaf
Leaf
UNI
CE
Leaf
Rooted-Multipoint EVC
Ethernet Private Tree
example
UNI
Root
EP-Tree and EVP-Tree: Both allow root - root and root - leaf
communication but not leaf - leaf communication.
• EP-Tree requires dedication of the UNIs to the single EP-Tree service
• EVP-Tree allows each UNI to be support multiple simultaneous services
at the cost of more complex configuration that EP-Tree
Root
Ethernet Virtual Private
Tree example
CE
CE
CE
UNI
UNI
UNI
Rooted-Multipoint
EVC Multipoint to
Multipoint EVC

Services Using E-Access Service Type
• E-Access Service Type is defined to normalize and accelerate
provisioning
Service Type Port-Based Service
(at the UNI)
VLAN-Aware Service
(at the UNI)
E-Access Access EPL
Ethernet Private Line
Access EVPL
Ethernet Virtual Private Line
End-User
UNI
CE Access Service Provider
ENNI
E-Access
UNI
CE Service Providers,
CE Exchanges, etc.
Ethernet Virtual Connection (EVC)
End-User

Ethernet Service Classification and Definitions
for Ethernet Access Services (UNI to ENNI)
Service Type
Port-Based Service
(at the UNI)
VLAN-Aware Service
(at the UNI)
E-Access
Access Ethernet
Private Line
(Access EPL)
Access Ethernet Virtual
Private Line
(Access EVPL)
 Ethernet Access Services classified into two categories (just like
EVC-based services):
• Port-based at the UNI endpoint
• Single OVC Instance per UNI (dedicated UNI endpoint)
• VLAN-aware at the UNI endpoint
• Multiple OVC Instances per UNI endpoint (multiplexed UNI endpoint)
• ENNI supports multiplexed Access EPLs or Access EVPLs
Access EPL = Port-based P2P Ethernet access service
Access EVPL = VLAN-aware P2P Ethernet access service

Bandwidth Profiles & Traffic Management (1)
Bandwidth Profiles per EVC & per Class of Service Parameters
– CIR (Committed Information Rate)
• CIR defines assured bandwidth
• Assured via bandwidth reservation, traffic engineering
– EIR (Excess Information Rate)
• EIR bandwidth is considered ‘excess’
• Traffic dropped at congestion points in the network
– CBS/EBS (Committed/Excess Burst Size in bytes)
• Higher burst size results in improved performance
Color Mode (“Color Aware” or “Color Blind”)
– When set as “Color Aware” governs discard eligibility
• Marking typically done at ingress
• Green – Forwarded frames – CIR conforming traffic
• Yellow – Discard Eligible frames – Over CIR , within EIR
• Red – Discarded frames – Exceeds EIR
Coupling Flag (set to 1 or 0) governs which frames are classed as yellow
EVC-1 EVC-2
EVC-3
EIR

Bandwidth Profiles & Traffic Management (2)
• Bandwidth Profiles can divide bandwidth per EVC over a single UNI
– Multiple services over same port (UNI)
– CoS markings enable the network to determine the network QoS to provide
UNI
EVC1
EVC2
EVC3
Ingress
Bandwidth Profile
Per Ingress UNI
Port-based
UNI
EVC1
EVC2
EVC3
Ingress Bandwidth
Profile Per EVC1
Ingress
Bandwidth Profile
Per EVC2
Ingress
Bandwidth Profile
Per EVC3
Port/VLAN-based
UNI EVC1
CE-VLAN CoS 6 Ingress Bandwidth Profile Per CoS ID 6
CE-VLAN CoS 4
CE-VLAN CoS 2
Ingress Bandwidth Profile Per CoS ID 4
Ingress Bandwidth Profile Per CoS ID 2
EVC2
Port/VLAN/CoS-based

CE Interconnect

Interconnecting autonomous, CENs, locally, regionally,
nationally, globally
Enabling…
– Standardized, streamlined delivery of MEF-certified CE services
over multiple, connected, CENs
– End-to-end Class of
Service, Management
and Protection
– Ubiquitous service
delivery
MEF Global Interconnect

Implementation Options and Definition
Definition: CE Exchange
“An interconnect point among service providers where CE
services are exchanged”
UNI
End-User
UNI
End-User
CE Exchange
ENNI
CE Service
Providers
CE Service
Providers
Definition: Direct Connect:
“A bilateral ENNI between two CE service providers”
Both must facilitate all 5 attributes of CE
UNI
End-User
UNI
End-User
ENNI
CE Service Provider CE Service Provider

CE Exchange
UNI
Branch OfficeUNI
Access Services
ENNI
Buying Providers’
On-Net Network
Enterprise HQ
Enterprise
mid size branch
end-user
UNI
ENNI
Ethernet Access Services
Long Haul
UNI
SOHO,
telecommuter,
end-user
Cloud
ENNI
CE
Exchange

Interconnect Technical Components
Interconnect elements required to enable globally connected CE services
The MEF Global Interconnect specifications ensures support for all CE
attributes between service providers
ENNIUNI UNI
Service Provider Service ProviderEnd User End User

Technical work of MEF

4 Technical Areas
MEN A MEN B
Services (Subscriber)
User Network
Interface (UNI)
Architecture
Management (Fault and Performance)
Test (Abstract Tests for Certification)
Services (Operator)
External Network
Network Interface
(ENNI)

Complementary Standards Activities
Scalability
Goals
• Reach consensus, bring MEF work to other bodies, re-use work of other bodies, work
with other bodies, avoid duplication, keep in communications
Reliability
Service Management
IEEE
IETF
ITU-T
Provider Bridge IEEE 802.1ad
Provider Backbone Bridge IEEE 802.1ah (MAC-in-MAC, and extended label space)
ITU-T SG 15 has referenced the MEF service work in their documents that describe EPL and
EVPL.
Layer 2 VPNs
IEEE
OIF
ITU-T
IEEE 802.1ag Connectivity Fault Management
IEEE 802.3ah link OAM
ITU-T SG13 for Service OAM
Working with ITU SG 4 on harmonizing their work with MEF 7 and adding additional features
of interest to the MEF such as support of E-LMI
Customer signaling of Ethernet Services
IETF MPLS Fast Reroute, graceful restart

-
• G.8010 – Layer Architecture
• G.8021 – Equipment model
• G.8010v2 – Layer Architecture
• G.8021v2 – Equipment model
• Y.17ethmpls - ETH-MPLS Interwork
-
• G.8011 – Services Framewrk
• G.8011.1 – EPL Service
• G.8011.2 – EVPL Service
• G.asm – Service Mgmt Arch
• G.smc – Service Mgmt Chnl
TMF
ITU
Ethernet Standards Summary
•TMF814 – EMS to NMS Model
• Y.1730 – Ethernet OAM Req
• Y.1731 – OAM Mechanisms
• G.8031 – Protection
• Y.17ethqos – QoS
• Y.ethperf - Performance
Ethernet OAMArchitecture/ControlEthernet Services
-
• G.8012 – UNI/NNI
• G.8012v2 – UNI/NNI
• MEF 4 – Generic Architecture
• MEF 2 – Protection Req & Framework
• MEF 11 – UNI Req & Framework
• MEF 12 – Layer Architecture
• MEF 20 – UNI Type 2
• MEF 23 – Class of Service
• MEF 10.2 – Service Attributes
• MEF 3 – Circuit Emulation
• MEF 6.1 – Service Definition
• MEF 8 – PDH Emulation
• MEF 9 – Tests: Eth Services
• MEF 14 – Tests: Traffic Mgmt.
• MEF 22 - Mobile Backhaul
• MEF 28 – UTAS and Virtual
UNI
MEF
• MEF 7– EMS-NMS Info Model
• MEF 15– NE Mgmt Reqrmts.
• MEF 17 – Service OAM
Requirements & Framework
• Service OAM Protocol – Ph. 1
• Performance Monitoring
• MEF 21 – Tests: Link OAM
• MEF 24 – Tests: UNI T2/E-LMI
• MEF 30 – SOAM IA
• MEF 31– SOAM MIB
• MEF 13 - UNI Type 1
• MEF 16 – ELMI
• MEF 26 – ENNI
• MEF 29 - ESC
Ethernet
Interfaces
Standards
Body
• 802.3ah – EFM OAM
• 802.1ag – CFM
• 802.1AB - Discovery
• 802.1ap – VLAN MIB
• 802.3 – MAC
• 802.3ar – Congestion Management
• 802.1D/Q – Bridges/VLAN
• 802.17 - RPR
• 802.1ad – Provider Bridges
• .1ah – Provider Backbone Bridges
• .1ak – Multiple Registration Protocol
• .1aj – Two Port MAC Relay
• .1AE/af – MAC / Key Security
• .1aq – Shortest Path Bridging
-
• 802.3 – PHYs
• 802.3as - Frame
Expansion
IEEE

MEF Certification
Services
Equipment
People

MEF Certification: Enabling Standardization
MEF Carrier Ethernet Certification Programs certify:
• Services
That earn buyers’ trust by conforming to MEF
standards of quality and performance
• Equipment
That service providers rely on to build CE
services
• Professionals
With the proven knowledge and skills to support
the explosive growth of CE

0
200
400
600
800
1000
Q3 11 Q4 11 Q1 12 Q2 12 Q3 12 Q4 12 Q1 13
MEF-
CECPs
Cumulative
• 634 test cases replace years
of test development
• 689 manufacturer &
service provider products
• 2013: 28 new CE 2.0
companies
• Accelerating deployment
• Driver for growth
• 854 MEF-CECPs
• 44 countries
• 169 employer companies
• Rigorous technical exam
• Driver for implementation
• Driver for new providers
MEF Certification Program
Seven Accredited Training Providers

MEF Services
Certification Program

Some of MEF Certified Providers
Worldwide Adoption of Service Certification
MERICA

MEF Certifications for Services
Program certifies three most widely deployed CE
services:
• EPL dedicated service that interconnects two
sites
• EVPL multiplexed service that interconnects a
hub to multiple remote sites
• E-LAN meshed service that interconnects
multiple sites
Two major certifications validate service
compliance and performance:
• MEF 9 validates end-to-end service delivery
and functionality
• MEF 14 validates service performance and
traffic management
EPL Service
Ethernet Private Line
EVPL Service
Ethernet Virtual Private Line
ELAN Service
Ethernet LAN
MEF 9
MEF 14
Certifications

MEF Equipment
Certification Program

Some of Certified Equipment
Vendors
MEF Certification Lab
July 2011
800+ products certified worldwide

MEF Certifications for Equipment
Program certifies wide range of
products supporting CE services:
• Focus on key CE capabilities deployed by service
providers:
− CE service delivery and performance at the
UNI
− TDM services delivered over Ethernet for
mobile backhaul
MEF 9 Certification
244 Test Cases
Ethernet Service at the UNI
MEF 14 Certification
170 Test Cases
Traffic Management at the UNI
MEF 18 Certification
334 Test Cases
CES over Ethernet

Technology Specific
standards

CE Transport Options
IEEE-based
Transport
• Bridged networks
(IEEE 802.1Q)
• PB Networks (IEEE
802.1ad)
• PBB networks (IEEE
802.1ah)
• PBB-TE networks
(IEEE 802.1Qay)
MPLS-based
Transport
• MPLS VPWS
• MPLS VPLS
• MPLS-TP
Transparent
Transport
• SONET/SDH
• OTN
• xWDM

IEEE based transport

Frame formats. (a) DIX Ethernet , (b) IEEE 802.3
FCS
FCS
Ethernet Frame format

802.3 MAC frame

Minimum and maximum lengths

124
Native Ethernet in Metro Access
• How does one create the notion of a virtual circuit?
– VLAN tagging with point-to-point VLAN
• VLAN stacking
– Outer tag  service instance; Inner tag  individual customer
– 802.1Q in 802.1Q (Q-in-Q) - IEEE 802.1ad
C-DA: Customer Destination MAC
C-SA: Customer Source MAC
S-TAG: IEEE 802.1ad S-VLAN Tag
C-TAG: IEEE 802.1q VLAN Tag
FCS: Customer Frame Check Sequence
C-DA C-TAGC-SA Client data FCSS-TAG
6bytes 6bytes 4bytes 4bytes 4bytes
T
y
p
e
2bytes

125
Customer
Network
Customer
Network
Customer
Network
Provider Bridge (PB)
Architecture
CE: Customer Equipment
UNI: User-to-Network Interface
CES: Core Ethernet Switch/Bridge
UNI-B
CES
CES
CE-A
UNI-A
UNI-C
CE-C
Spanning tree
CE-B
CES

126
Limitations of PB Scalability
• Limited to 4096 (2 ^12) service instances
• Core switches must learn all MAC
addresses
• Broadcast storms ensue due to learning
• MAC address tables explode!

127
Provider Backbone Bridging (PBB)
• Encapsulate customer MAC with provider
MAC at edge
– Edge switch adds 24-bit service tag (I-SID),
not VLAN tag
• Core switches need only learn edge switch
MAC adds.
B-DA: IEEE 802.1ah Backbone Destination MAC
B-SA: IEEE 802.1ah Backbone Source MAC
B-TAG: IEEE 802.1ad B-VLAN Tag
I-TAG: IEEE 802.1ah Service Tag
B-DA B-TAGB-SA I-TAG C-DA C-TAGC-SA Client data B-FCS
6bytes 6bytes 6bytes6bytes4bytes 5bytes 4bytes 4bytes
T
y
p
e
2bytes

128
PBB Architecture
CPE BCPE A
CPE C
Provider backbone
network (802.1ah)
CPE BCPE A
802.1ad
CPE B
CPE B
802.1q
CPE C
Provider bridge
network (802.1ad)
CPE D
CPE D
CPE C
CPE A
Provider bridge
network (802.1ad)
Provider bridge
network (802.1ad)
Provider bridge
network (802.1ad)

129
Benefits of PBB
• Scalability
– Addresses limitations of 4096 service instances
• Robustness
– Isolates provider network from broadcast storms
• Security
– Provider need switch frames only on provider addresses
• Simplicity
– Provider & customers can plan networks independently

130
Traffic Engineering in PBB
• Via Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MSTP)
• Maps a VLAN to ST or multiple VLANs to ST
• Enables use of links that would otherwise be
idle in ST
– Eliminates wasted bandwidth … but …
– Too slow for protection switching
• Not suitable for complex mesh topologies
• Difficult to predict QoS

131
Source : http://www.technology-training.co.uk/carrierethernetandproviderbackbonebridging_33.php

Ethernet Frame formats
132
Source: https://sites.google.com/site/amitsciscozone/home/pbb/understanding-pbb
22 bytes
18 + 4 = 22 bytes
22 + 4 = 26 bytes
26 + 22 = 48 bytes
18 bytes

133
Challenges with an All-Ethernet
Metro Service
• Restriction on # of customers – 4096 VLANs!
• Service monitoring
• Scaling of Layer 2 backbone - xSTP
• Service provisioning - signaling
• Inter-working with legacy deployments
 Need hybrid architectures …
Multiple L2 domains connected via IP/MPLS backbone

MPLS based transport

MPLS
• IP/MPLS is one of the ways to path
engineer an Ethernet frame
MPLS
Service
Transport

L2 & L3
• Traffic is switched
• Control signal is routed
Ex:-IP/MPLS
• Ethernet does not have a label. Therefore,
we have to create labels. One way is using
MPLS.
136
Source: http://blog.ine.com/2010/02/21/the-mpls-forwarding-plane/

World of headers
1

Why MPLS for Ethernet Services
(EoMPLS)?
• More Scalable (Free label Space)=>2^20
• Sub 50msec resiliency (MPLS Fast
Reroute (FRR))
• Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE)
• Hierarchical QoS (HQoS)
• Easy and simple to operate and maintain

MPLS Components
139
Source: http://blog.ine.com/2010/02/21/the-mpls-forwarding-plane/

Traffic
Service
Ethernet Service Switch
Physical Network
Ethernet over MPLS over Ethernet
MPLS
Ethernet
Physical
IP
Ethernet
MPLS or GRE
.1q
GE,10GE etc.
Outer label
Service label=VC label=inner label

Source: http://blog.ipexpert.com/2012/06/06/introduction-to-mpls/

Outer label 1
Ethernet
Inner label
Ethernet
Inner label
Outer label 2
Ethernet
Inner label
Outer label 3
Ethernet
Inner label
Outer label 4
EthernetEthernet
A E
D
C
B
Ethernet Ethernet
MPLS
LDP signaling session (TCP port 646)
RSVP-TE signaling
Ethernet frame: Get me to the other side

Relation between PW, tunnel and
LSP

MPLS Transport Profile
(MPLS-TP)
• Started as T-MPLS (Transport MPLS)
• MPLS-TP = IP/MPLS – IP
144
Source : http://www.orckit.com/ptn_technologies/107.htm

Why MPLS-TP?
• Similar “look and feel” to established
SDH/SONET networks; transport-like OAM
– Easier adoption by traditional transport network
personnel
• Absence of control plane (less complexity)
• Simple provisioning of resilience (1:1, 1+1, and
so on)
• Flexible: usable in both rings & limited
connectivity environments

IP/MPLs vs. MPLS-TP
146
Source : http://www.orckit.com/ptn_technologies/107.htm

Transparent transport

NID
Demarcation
Ethernet Over Direct Fiber
Longest Distance
- Distance up to 140 km with no bandwidth loss
Highest Bandwidth Capacity
- Bandwidth Capacity of 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 10 Gbps,
40 Gbps, and more.
- WDM enables multiple data streams per fiber link
Security
- Physically secure medium with no EMF
emission; nearly impossible to tap lines
Scalability
- EVC / E-Line / E-LAN using Q-in-Q VLAN*
*Requires extension for s_tag UNI
- High capacity enables rate limiting tiered services
Reliability
- Protection with redundant links & resilient rings
- OAM performance monitoring & fault notification
Secure Service Management
- 802.3ah OAM IP-less management & provisioning
- NIDs provide securely managed demarcation
Central Office
Multi-Customer
NID Demarcation

Ethernet Over WDM Fiber
Future Proof
- Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) enables
multiple data streams (wavelengths) per fiber link
- Add/Drop multiplexers provide new access points by
splicing into the WDM fiber link
Cost Effective
- Increase fiber access capacity and minimize
installation of new fiber links
- Small form pluggable transceivers, multiplexers
and media converters enable WDM wavelengths
with existing infrastructure equipment
Scalability
- Quickly implement new fiber access with
off-the-shelf hardware
- Wavelengths can deliver different network protocols
to mix Ethernet and TDM services over one fiber link
Central Office
Direct Fiber
Add/Drop
Multiplexer
Multiplexer
P2P WDM
Fiber Access
WDM Ring
Add/Drop
Multiplexer
Direct Fiber
NID

Upper layer topology changes
with WDM
Link over dark fibre
Link over Optical Backbone Network 150Anuradha Udunuwara | @AnuradhaU

Ethernet Over SONET/SDH
Rapid service turn-up
– Leverages existing equipment and fiber plant
– Ubiquitous availability world wide
– Well understood provisioning and billing for off-
net applications
– Ethernet enable on-net buildings
Highly resilient and secure service
– Sub-50ms resiliency
– Secure multi-tenant services
– Legacy TDM circuits supported natively
Flexible bandwidth options
– OC-3/STM1 up to OC-192/STM64 physical
– Sub-rate and Nx OC/STM are available with
VCAT bonding
– Each channel carries one or more EVCs
CE
Network
Available Service
Bandwidth
Standard Encapsulation
Technologies
Standard Circuit Bonding
Technologies
Ethernet over
SONET/SDH
155 Mbps up to 1 Gbps) X.86, GFP VCAT, LAG
OC/STM
OC/STM
Add/Drop
Multiplexer
Add/Drop
Multiplexer
EoS Box
Multi-tenant
EoS Box

Factors Affecting CE Technology
Selection
• Nature of operator’s business -- scope, size,
customer base
• Business models -- pricing of services and VAS
components
• Internal processes -- software, systems for a
given technology
• Technical expertise available within the
organization
• Legacy infrastructure of operator
– Geography, local conditions, technologies …
• Vendor support for given technology and
equipment 152Anuradha Udunuwara | @AnuradhaU

Ethernet Access

Extending CE into the Last (First) Mile
Ubiquity requires
multiple access
technology solutions
from the End-User
Subscriber to the CE
Network

Bonded
T1/E1
Ethernet
Ethernet Access for a Multi-Site Enterprise
MSO/ Cable
Ethernet User to Network Interface (UNI)
Ethernet Network Network Interface (NNI)
COAX
Direct Fiber
WDM
Fiber
Service
Provider 2
TDM
Ethernet
Ethernet Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
Ethernet
Direct Fiber
100Mbps/1Gbps/10
Gbps
SONET/
SDH
PON
Fiber
Ethernet
Service
Provider 1
Ethernet
Ethernet
WiMax
Ethernet
Packet
Wireless
DS3/E3

Cable uses a Hybrid Fiber Coax (HFC) network
– Network extends fiber to a node
– Coax is used for lower bandwidth sites while fiber is still used for large bandwidth sites
– Coax-fed and fiber-fed sites are integrated into a single network
Cost effective alternative to Fiber
– Up to 100 Mbps with DOCSIS 3.0 implementation - scalable in 1 Mbps increments
Typical Applications
– Branch office interconnectivity
– Dedicated Internet access
– Disaster recovery / business continuity
– Distance learning
– Automatic teller machine (ATM)
– Security cameras
– Point of sale (POS)
– Teleworker / remote employees
Ethernet Over HFC (Coax & Fiber)
Carrier
Ethernet
Network
Ethernet Edge
Aggregator
Node

Ethernet Over Bonded Copper
Copper Pairs are Bonded to Create a Single Ethernet Pipe
– Long reach 2BASE-TL delivers a minimum of 2 Mbps using G.SHDSL
– Short reach 10PASS-TS delivers a minimum of 10 Mbps over VDSL
Leverages Existing Copper to Fill Fiber Gap
– Nearly 100% of businesses have enough copper
pairs to get up to 100 Mbps (reach permitting)
Fast Service Turn Up, Fast Pay Back
– Deploys in days or weeks
– Requires minimal CapEx
High Bandwidth and Reliability
– Up to 10x more bandwidth than legacy copper solutions
– Pair failover capability ensures fiber service level
agreements are met or exceeded
Enables Ubiquitous Service Offerings
– Provides services out to reaches that cover
majority of providers’ serving area
CE
Network
Ethernet
Over
Bonded
Copper
Pt-to-
Multipoint
Ethernet over
Copper Shelf
Ethernet
Over
Bonded
Copper

Ethernet Over TDM
Ubiquitous Access
– T1 and E1 circuits are universally available,
even when fiber is not
– No distance limitations
Rapid service turn-up
– Leverages existing infrastructure
– Well understood provisioning and billing
for off-net applications
Flexible and resilient bonding
– Service stays up even if one link breaks
– Add and delete links hitlessly
CE
Network
Ethernet Edge
Aggregator EoNxT1 EDD
Available Service Bandwidth Standard Encapsulation
Technologies
Standard Circuit
Bonding Technologies
Ethernet over T1/E1 1.5 Mbps (T1) up to 16 Mbps
(with bonding) and 2 Mbps(E1)
PPP, GFP, HDLC, G.998.2 MLPPP, PDH VCAT
G.998.2
Ethernet over DS3/E3 34 Mbps up to 130 Mbps (with
bonding) and 45 Mbps (E3)
X.86, GFP, G.998.2 PDH VCAT, G992.2, LAG
Nx T1/E1
DS3/E3

OPEX Savings
- Passive outside plant lowers costs
- No power or maintenance of active equipment
- Affordable “Managed UNI” demark
- Up to 10Gbps per PON
Lowest First Cost for Fiber
- Most fiber efficient access technology
- Conserves existing fiber
- Minimizes need for new fiber
PON Simplifies Coverage
- 1 Fiber strand is split among up to 64 subscribers
- Splitters: pole mounted or on cables
- Passive splitter serve multiple ONTs
- ONT can be mounted outside
- PON addresses fiber exhaust
- Quick new customer adds
Embedded Service Layering
- Supports E-LINE, E-LAN, E-Tree, E-Access
- T1 & E1 backhaul ports
- IP-POTS ports
Ethernet Over PON
Central
Office
Ethernet
Metro Core ONT
ONT
ONT
OLT
Ethernet
Passive Fiber Splitter
ONT Optical Network Terminal (CPE) UNI
Optical Line Terminal

Packet Microwave Technology
– Cost effective solution
– Rapid service deployment to virtually any site
– Independent of existing wired infrastructure
Deployment Scenarios
– Complementary and alternative to access and
aggregation fiber networks
– Mobile Backhaul networks
– Used in green field deployments,
for network expansion and/or upgrades
– Typically used frequency bands from 6 to 40 GHz
– Distances of several 100 m up to 150 km and
more
Carrier Grade Technology
– Mature, widely deployed solutions
– Scalable throughput up to several Gbps
– Established radio planning and dimensioning
methods for highest availability requirements
CE
Network
CE
Network
Ethernet Over Packet Microwave
User to Network Interface (UNI)
Network to Network Interface (NNI)

Access Methods & Speeds
Access Method Speed
Ethernet over Active Fiber 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, 10 Gbps, 40 Gbps, 100 Gbps
Ethernet over PON
1 Gbps with EPON
1.25 Gbps upstream & 2.5 Gbps downstream with GPON
Ethernet over SONET/SDH 155 Mbps to 1 Gbps
Ethernet over HFC/DOCSIS Up to 100 Mbps with DOCSIS 3.0
Ethernet over DSL
Minimum of 2 Mbps using G.SHDSL
Minimum of 10 Mbps over VDSL
Up to 100 Mbps (asymmetric)
Ethernet over T1/E1 1.5/2Mbps to 16 Mbps with bonding
Ethernet over DS3/E3 34/45 Mbps to 130 Mbps with bonding
Ethernet over Packet Microwave 1 Mbps to >1Gbps
Ethernet over WiMax Varies with distance: Up to 1Gbps. <70Mbps at 50km

Resiliency/Protection
• MEF Service Specifications augment industry
standards
• In totality, they address port and service
protection, fault detection and restoration
– At the UNI ports
– At the ENNI (for direct and Exchange connections)
– For UNI to UNI (EVCs)
– UNI-ENNI OVCs
• Following is one option for Mobile Backhaul showing Active/Standby
RAN BS
RAN NC
UNI
UNI
EVC 1
(Primary Path)
EVC 2
(Backup Path)
Leased component of the
overall backhaul solution
Protection
 1+1 APS
 LAG (802.1ax LACP)
 Dual Homing
 Ring (G.8032)
 Linear Protection (G.8031)

Reference
[1] MEF ( http://metroethernetforum.org )
[2] Ethernet Academy
(http://www.ethernetacademy.net/ )

164
udunuwara@ieee.org
lk.linkedin.com/in/anuradhau/
@AnuradhaU

Carrier Ethernet - What & Why Explained

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