2. Arms Control & Disarmament:
Choices between Complete/ Partial Disarmament
or/and Complete Destruction
3. • 45-caliber revolver with its barrel knotted located outside
the UN building in NY.
• It is titled Non-Violence and is frequently referred to as
the “knotted gun.”
4. OVERVIEW
• Introduction
• Concept about Disarmament & Arms
Control
• Aim and objectives of Disarmament and
Arms Control
• Difference Between Disarmament &
Arms control
5. • Importance of Disarmament &
Arms Control
• Types of Disarmament Programs
• Applications of Disarmament &
Arms Control
• Success or a failure?
• Conclusion.
6. INTRODUCTION
• Disarmament is an act of reduction or
deprivation of arms, and as such is applicable
to all weapons systems, ammunition and
explosives, including nuclear, chemical,
biological, radiological and conventional
systems.
• Disarmament is primarily aimed at reducing or
controlling the number of weapons held by
combatants before demobilization
7. AIMS & OBJECTIVES
• To reduce or control the number of
weapons held by the combatant forces
before demobilization.
• Reduction in the weapons possessed by,
or available to, armed groups
• Reduction in actual or to the threat of
occurrence of an armed violence
• Minimal casualties during disarmament
• Improvement in the perception of
human security.
8. AIMS & OBJECTIVES
• Public connection between the
availability of weapons and armed
violence
• To build an awareness across the
globe against arms race and lethal
consequences related to it
9. • Reduction and the disruption of the
transfer and the illicit trade of weapons
• Reduction of weapons existing on the
face of the earth
• Development on tough laws and regime
against the illegal use of the weapons.
10. • 30,000 NUCLEAR
WEAPONS
Hiroshima: August 6, 1945
Nagasaki: August 9, 1945
5 NPT nuclear weapons states (China, France, Russia,
UK, USA)
3 states outside the NPT (India, Israel, Pakistan)
North Korea, Iraq, Iran
11. CONCEPT
• The total elimination of the
Weapons of Mass Destruction,
including nuclear weapons,
through the prohibition on
development, production and use
and then destruction of all such
weapons existing in the world.
12. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
DISARMAMENT & ARMS
CONTROL
• Disarmament is the reduction of the
number of weapons and troops
maintained by a state. It always implies
the decrease of the weapons or even
abolishing certain categories of
weapons.
• Arms control refers to treaties made
between potential adversaries that
reduce the likelihood and scope of war,
usually imposing limitations on military
capability.
13. • Although disarmament always
involves the reduction of military
forces or weapons, arms control
does not. In fact, arms control
agreements sometimes allow for
the increase of weapons by one or
more parties to a treaty.
14. WHY IS ARMS CONTROL
IMPORTANT?
• Helps to reduce incentives to initiate
attack,
• Enhances the predictability regarding
the size and the structure of forces,
thus reduces the fear of aggressive
intent,
• Ensuring confidence in compliance
through effective monitoring and
verification &
• Ultimately contributing to a more stable
and calculable balance of power.
15. IMPORTANCE OF THE
DISARMAMENT
• It is generally difficult for states to
ensure that rivals will not attempt to
gain undue influence over them through
the use of violence, trust is often
lacking in relations, which leads
opponents to seek increasingly greater
capacity to inflicting violence on others
that can result into stockpiling of
pernicious weapons. So disarmament
can be used to reduce these fears and
tensions and pave the way for greater
cooperation.
16. UN DISARMAMENT MACHINERY
• General Assembly First Committee
• Conference on Disarmament
• UN Disarmament Commission
• Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters
• UN Institute for Disarmament Research
• UN Department for Disarmament Affairs
17. Conference on
Disarmament (CD)
• Established in 1979, this forum
negotiates multilateral arms
control and disarmament
agreements.
• Its member states are currently
numbering 65
• The CD negotiated BWC and CWC
18. • While CD is formally a UN
organization, it is linked to the UN
through a personal representative
of the UN Secy Gen
• Resolutions adopted by
UNGA often request the CD to
consider specific disarmament
matters
• In turn, the CD annually reports its
activities to the Assembly
19. • In the 1990s, the Conference held
intensive efforts over three years
to draft the CTBT text and its two
annexes, but it did not succeed in
reaching consensus on the
adoption of the text.
• Australia then sent the text to
the UNGA in NY, where it was
submitted as a draft resolution
20. • On 10 September 1996, the CTBT
was adopted by a large majority,
exceeding two-thirds of the
General Assembly's Membership
• Currently under discussion are
a FMCT, a pact to prevent an arms
race in outer space (PAROS),
nuclear disarmament, and
negative security assurances
(NSA)
21. VARIOUS OTHER DISARMAMENT
MACHINERY
• Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Organization (CTBTO): Standing
Secretariat for CTBT,it is also the home
for International Monitoring System.
Although CTBT is yet to enter into force.
• CTBT Article XIV Conferences: - CTBTO
hosts a conference every 2 years
focusing on Treaty to come into the
force.
22. Biennial Meeting of States
on Small Arms(BMS)
• Every two years, states meet to
consider the implementation of the
Programme of Action to Prevent,
Combat, and Eradicate the Illicit
Trade in Small Arms and Light
Weapons In All Its Aspects.
• The fifth BMS was held in 2008.
23. THE ARMS TRADE
TREATY (ATT)
• The landmark ATT,
regulating the
international trade in
conventional arms -
from small arms to
battle tanks, combat
aircraft and warships
entered into force on
24 December 2014
• 130 States have signed
the treaty
• 62 States have ratified
General Assembly voted
to adopt the treaty:
154-3-23
• Entry into force:
24
December 2014
• Deadline for initial report
on national
implementation: 24
December 2015
24. International Court Of
Justice (ICJ)
• The ICJ has a dual role as to settle
in accordance with international
law the legal disputes submitted to
it by States, and to give advisory
opinions on legal questions
referred to it by duly authorized
international organs and agencies.
25. • In its 1996 advisory opinion on nuclear
weapons, the ICJ affirmed that under
humanitarian law governing the conduct
of warfare, states “must never use
weapons that are incapable of
distinguishing between civilian and
military targets.” The Court holds the
threat or use of nuclear weapons to be
generally illegal under humanitarian and
other law.
26. MISSILE REGIMES
Two main missile non-proliferation
regimes are:
•The Hague Code of Conduct and
•The Missile Technology Control Regime
These are not legally-binding
27. ORGANIZATION FOR
PROHIBITION OF CHEMICAL
WEAPONS (OPCW)
• OPCW is a watchdog agency that monitors and
assists with the implementation of the Chemical
Weapons Convention (CWC).
• Both Pakistan & India are signatories of the
CWC and BWC
• Angola, Egypt, N Korea & South Sudan have
not signed the CWC.
• Israel & Myanmar have not ratified the CWC
• OPCW was awarded the Nobel peace prize in
2013
28. VARIOUS TREATIES UNDER THE
DISARMAMENT INITIATIVE
I. Antarctic Treaty: In 1959, to keep the
continent of Antarctica completely demilitarized.
And this is a most significant accomplishment.
II. PTBT (Partial Test Ban Treaty): In 1963
banned nuclear weapon tests in atmosphere, outer
space and under the water.
III. Treaty of Tlateloco: In 1967, which
prohibited presence of any kind of nuclear weapon
in Latin America and the Caribbean.
29. IV. The Sea Bed Treaty: In 1969 prohibits any
kind of nuclear or weapon of mass destruction
placement on the seabed and the ocean floor and
in the sub soil.
V. PNET(Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty):
Signed in 1976. Restricted nuclear explosions only
for the peaceful purposes.
30. VI. The Moon Agreement: - In 1979 prohibits
the use of force on the moon, planting of any
weapons on it or in the orbit around it and any kind
of militarization of it or of other celestial bodies.
VII. TTBT (Threshold Test Ban Treaty): - Put
restrictions on any kind of tests under ground,
which were uncovered in PTBT.
31. VIII. Treaty of Rarotonga: In 1985,
prohibiting the acquisition or the
manufacture by any means of nuclear
explosive device, as well as possession of
such device by parties inside or outside its
zone. It also bans dumping of the
radioactive matter at the sea and also
prohibits possession of the nuclear
explosive devices for the peaceful
purposes.
32. IX. INF (Intermediate Range and Shorter
Range Missiles): - Signed in 1987 between
US & USSR eliminating two parties ground
launched Ballistic and Cruise Missiles with
the range between 500 and 5,500 kms.
More than 2,500 missiles with the nuclear
warheads were destroyed in 3 years time.
33. • X.START-I (Strategic Nuclear Arsenal Reduction
Treaty): - 1991. Under this US & USSR had to
limit Strategic Offensive Arms within the time
span of 7 years in 3 phases had to reduce their
respective nuclear arsenals.
• XI.START-II: - In 1993 kept the condition of
3,000 to 3,500 nuclear warheads for US and
RUSSIA (successor of USSR) by year 2003.
34. FEW INITIATIVES FOR ARMS CONTROL
1.The Positive Security Assurance: - Under Res.255
(1968) in UNGA treaty assured protection of Non-
nuclear state in case of nuclear attack by other
state by P-5.
2.The Zangger Committee: - 1971, Ensure that an
importer places the safeguards on the specified
materials that relates to the manufacturing of the
nuclear power or the nuclear installations.
Committee informs IAEA of its actions.
35. 3.NSG (Nuclear Suppliers Group): In 1975,
to protect the nuclear material and
technology from being diverted from
peaceful purposes.
4.MTCR (Missile Technology Control
Regime): In 1987, to prevent and confront
the means to deliver such weapons.
36. WHAT IS NON PROLIFERATION?
Prevention of the spread of weapons of mass destruction
(nuclear, chemical, biological) and their means of
delivery*
1. Horizontal nuclear proliferation: spread of weapons
to states not currently possessing nuclear weapons
2. Vertical nuclear proliferation: increase in number
and destructiveness of nuclear weapons within a
state already possessing them
* Mostly applied to Nuclear weapons as rest are banned.
37. The Conference on Disarmament in
2009
On 29 May 2009, the Conference on
Disarmament (CD) succeeded in
adopting a programme of work for the
first time since 1998. The programme
included agreement to begin
negotiations on a fissile cut-off treaty
on the basis of the Shannon
mandate(Based on limiting spread of
Fissile material) established in 1995.
(I)It also included agreement to begin
substantive discussions on the CD's
other core issues
38. (2)Regrettably, the Conference was
unable to adopt a framework to
implement its programme before
the end of the 2009 session,
primarily due to reservations by
Pakistan.
39. IS IT A SUCCESS OR FAILURE?
• It is neither a complete failure nor
a complete success and this could
be well understood by two case
studies I.e. when it comes to
success Antarctica is a complete
success and Iraq is a complete
failure or debacle.
40. CONCLUSION
• Security cannot be achieved through the continued reliance on
weapons, but only through international cooperation in
developing and maintaining effective, binding, and verifiable
multilateral agreements such as embodied in the peaceful
regimes of Disarmament and Arms Control.
• Disarmament and Arms Control must be given highest priority
across the globe.
• Fulfillment of commitments is integral to maintaining the Arms
Control and the Disarmament .As to bring world to the peace
every Nation- State has to do its Bit no matter Big or small.
As it’s a long process before the peace is attained through
them but every single step towards it defines will we ever
attain it or not.
