Snook - Open Design, a history of our projects
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A lecture given to EURIB delegates at the Design Council. Focusing on Open Design, democracy and citizen participation by design.
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Snook - Open Design, a history of our projects
- 1. SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM DESIGN AS ___________ ! HOW DESIGN ENGAGES COMMUNITIES AND PEOPLE IF WE OPEN IT UP !
- 6. DOUBLE DIAMOND ! DESIGN COUNCIL (2007) http://wearesnook.com SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin
- 7. OUR MISSION ! USE DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY TO CRAFT A BETTER FUTURE AND CHALLENGE BIG SOCIAL PROBLEMS ! SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM
- 8. WE DESIGN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES ! WORK WITH ORGANISATIONS AND THE PUBLIC TO EQUIP THEM WITH THE TOOLS AND METHODS TO CONTINUE TO DESIGN AND ITERATE THEMSELVES SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM
- 10. APATHY? ! “WE LIVE IN A WORLD THAT ACTIVELY DISCOURAGES ENGAGEMENT BY PUTTING OBSTACLES + BARRIERS IN OUR WAY ! ! THE ANTIDOTE TO APATHY - DAVE MESLIN ! http://wearesnook.com SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin
- 15. BEFORE ! “If there are any points on which you require explanation or further particulars we shall be glad to furnish such additional details as may be required by telephone” ! AFTER ! “If you have any questions, please phone” http://wearesnook.com SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin
- 16. DESIGNER AS EXPERT ! VERSUS ! PLATFORM AND TOOL PROVIDER http://wearesnook.com SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin
- 25. “BOTH DIY PRODUCTION AND OPEN DESIGN EMPOWER THE USER BY PUTTING PROFESSIONAL TOOLS IN THE HANDS OF THE MASSES.”! -Tommi Laitio ! http://wearesnook.com SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin
- 27. SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin http://lithgow-schmidt.dk/sherry-arnstein/ladder-of-citizen-participation.html Empty Refusal Versus Benefit
- 29. OPEN DESIGN IS PART OF A SHIFT FROM ‘WOW DESIGN’ TO ‘WE DESIGN’.! ! ! ! -Tommi Laitio ! http://wearesnook.com SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin
- 30. "WE ARE 21ST-CENTURY CITIZENS, DOING OUR VERY, VERY BEST TO INTERACT WITH 19TH CENTURY- DESIGNED INSTITUTIONS THAT ARE BASED ON AN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY OF THE 15TH CENTURY" ! ! ! -Pia Manchini ! http://wearesnook.com SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin
- 32. DESIGNING PLATFORMS USER GENERATED AND FLAT CO-CREATIVE PROCESS FOR VOICES AND OPINION
- 33. WEGOT99.COM
- 34. 1 IN 10 OF 5-16 YEAR OLDS HAVE CLINICALLY SIGNIFICANT MENTAL HEALTH DIFFICULTIES ! SELF HARM RATES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE REPRESENT A SIGNIFICANT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE ACROSS SCOTLAND; ESTIMATED 1 IN 12 CHILDREN HAVE SELF HARMED !
- 38. “I CAN TELL THAT MY MENTAL STATE ISN’T AT ITS BEST IF I START SPENDING TOO MUCH TIME BROWSING ON FACEBOOK.” ! - Lisa, 22
- 39. “MY BROTHERS SAY I SPEND WAY TOO MUCH TIME ON YOUTUBE AND IT CAUSES ARGUMENTS SOMETIMES. I DON’T THINK I DO! WELL, I MEAN ... ITS NOT LIKE I HAVE ANYTHING BETTER TO DO.” ! - Greig, 19
- 40. “I LIKE TO UPLOAD AN IMAGE OF SOMETHING THAT’S MADE ME SMILE, SOMETHING TO BE GRATEFUL FOR, EVERYDAY. IT SOUNDS CHEESY BUT IT KEEPS ME GOING.” ! - Jenny, 24
- 44. “CATS CAN BE USED AS THEY NATURALLY MAKE PEOPLE HAPPY” ! - YOUNG PERSON, INTERVIEW
- 58. “DEVELOP A DIGITAL SPRINGBOARD (OR GATEWAY) WITH USER- CENTRED CONTENT FOCUSED ON SUPPORTING MENTAL WELLBEING (NOT SOLELY FOCUSED ON MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES)” ! - PROJECT 99 REPORT
- 59. “MAKE IT BEAUTIFUL AND WE WILL COME” ! GLASGOW, 17, PROJECT99
- 61. Sarah Drummond | #sdingov | @wearesnook
- 62. Sarah Drummond | #sdingov | @wearesnook
- 65. Sarah Drummond | #sdingov | @wearesnook
- 67. SHIFTING POWER COUNCIL AS AN ENABLER
- 68. GLASGOW FUTURE CITIES ROADS AND WASTE SERVICES IN THE FUTURE
- 69. THE INFRASTRUCTURE OPEN GLASGOW CITY DASHBOARD AND WIDGETS LINKED DATA AND OPEN DATA MY GLASGOW POTHOLES Mount Florida 50+ 3.7 13
- 72. GLASGOWWORLD 2013 2014 2015 2016 Rise of online education and education integrated in smartphones Mass use of 3D printing Self-assembling structures, adaptive car tyres and responsive sportswear will reshape our future Wearable technology and NO-TOUCH interfaces Pebble ios+android compatible smart watch born as Kickstarter project, becomes mainstream Smarty rings Google Glasses Smart home technology Intelligent climate control and the internet of household things. "Smart" consumer products aim to help you see patterns in your life, giving you the information you need to change them for the better Nest, the smart home thermostat, WIFI enabled, compatible with iOS and Android Nest smoke detectors Lockitron lets you lock doors via smartphone and other internet ready security devices People take ownership and want control over personal data Big Data Visualisation Ads in everything Brand supported content, ads embedded in tv series Cloud storage becomes mainstream. Cloud storage producers will conduct an education, pricing and marketing offensive 4K (next up from 3D) content will steadily rise in availability Anti-obesity hi-tech sensors can measure food intake and activity 2014 Robotic manufacturing Drone delivery services Generic Drone helpers Gaming and Sociology Behavioural scientists will be using online gaming communities to study offline society Trash transformed & Circular Economy Beginning to build a new relationship with waste to see the value in recycling, upcycling, and reusing Engineering transformation nano-tech, electrified roads, elevated buses Molecular-level technology becomes reality Virtual reality/ Augmented reality contact lenses Rise of Virtual Showrooming Experientialeconomy It’s not what you buy, it’s what you do Digital detox Flexible Workplaces US space tourism Gamification of medical training. Simulators will transform surgical instruction, while helping students retain Bioprinting Vaccinations. Portable bioprinters will be able to synthesise vaccinations en-route and on the field Smart, self-healing or self-cleaning materials Memory metals that can revert to their original shapes Advanced nano materials E.g. graphene and carbon nanotubes and materials that could be used in pharmaceutical industry for targeted drug treatment Cell-powered vehicles Toyota Curved and flexible phone displays become the new trend first ones might be available as early as 2016 surely become a consistent part of the market in 2023 Collaborative consumption Sharing economy Crowdfunding Microfinance Peer to Peer economy transactions and goods exchange happen directly between individuals and not companies Digital wallets and alternative currencies based on shared believes 2015/2020 Emerging of affordable android “avatars” Hyperlocal food eaten in season Reduced packaging, more products are sold loose to eliminate waste at the origin Scottish Independence Augmented reality in the city Automated vehicles Glasgow leads the Smart City agenda Algae fuel, alternative energy source VR holidays and work Wearable health monitoring systems widely used Molecular food printers Lab grown meat ? TRANSPORTATION ECONOMY BEHAVIORS TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE ENERGY EDUCATION Evolution of energy storage systems, increased autonomy, stability and type of energy that can be stored Advanced battery storage systems can help with the integration of solar and wind power Injury-proof car Volvo 2020/2025 Hybrid bio-electronic devices Autonomous life-support system for the human brain linked to a robot, ‘avatar’, will save people whose body is completely worn out or irreversibly damaged Curved/flexible phone displays become a consistent part of the market Hoverboards THE END OF ONLINE/OFFLINE "The membrane between the online world and the offline will effectively disappear, as continuously connected devices fully disappear into our pockets, clothing, our jewellery, ourselves” Nearly 75% of the world population will live in cities GLASGOWWORLD 2020 2022 Shape-shifting programmable matter gadgets built out of millions of tiny micro-robots that are able to shape shift Next-generation genomics marry advances in the science of sequencing and modifying genetic material with the latest big data analytics capabilities Synthetic biology The ability to precisely customize organisms by “writing” DNA. These inventions will impact medicine, agriculture, bio fuels production and speed up drug discovery process Autonomous and near-autonomous vehicles. Self driven cars will increase safety, sustainability and reduce CO2 emissions 2030/2035 Computer model of the brain and human consciousness 2025 2030 2050 Biofuel plane Paris-Tokyo in less then 3 hours on a supersonic plane powered by seaweed By 2050 FUSION POWER AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGIES fusion power should be up and running, alongside efficient solar power, thorium based nuclear, shale gas power generation, and various other forms of energy production Space elevator NASA City farming Glasgow (Scotland) achieves CO2 emissions target ENVIRONMENT Micro Economy currency The Glasgow £ Open roads, shared space GCC GIS Datasets open Pressure sensitive electronic road paint First murder conviction due to internet of things First 3D printed heart transplant Co-Commute No more personal transport People will retire at an older age, /0 years old still working Back to the barter system Global Economy Fossil fuel runs out Brain to Brain interfaces Average life expectancy beyond 100 FUTURE TECH TRENDS
- 73. MOVING TO FACILITATORS CONTROL ENABLE
- 76. POTHOLES MOUNT FLORIDA 50+ TRANSPORTATION Hello Sarah! + LOGOUT MENU MYGLASGOW WIDGIT SETUP HOME WIDGITS SETUP Mt Florida, G429DX POTHOLES MOUNT FLORIDA 50+ High Risk. The tree pollen risk will be moderate in England and Wales today but and remaining low in Scotland. Rain will reduce the risk to low in most areas thereafter. Alder is the main allergenic pollen type. Birch pollen will start end of March to early April. Hay Fever forecast 22/04/2014 TAPS AFF! 28º 14º 67% MAX. TODAY TOMORROW MIN. HOW WET WEATHER TRAIN TIMES (MOUNT FLORIDA) CITY CENTRE BUSINESS GLASGOW TWITTER FEED SEASONAL FOODS SARAH’S WIDGITS GRADUATE JOBSEEKERS GRADUATE JOB SEEKERS 47% WIDGITS LIBRARY Drag and drop to add to your profile TOPICS TOPIC 2 TOPIC 3 TOPIC 4 ROAD DELAYS M8 GREAT WESTERN ROAD M80 M77 EXPRESSWAY KINGSTON BRIDGE CLYDE TUNNEL NEXT INNER 1min 3minNEXT OUTER ST. GEORGE CROSS SUBWAY TIMES 139.22p Unleaded (up 2p from last week) 141.84p Deisel (down 3p from last week) AVERAGE PETROL PRICES 127.13p Unleaded (up 4p from last week) 142.22p Deisel (down 1p from last week) AVERAGE PETROL PRICES DRAG & DROP
- 77. “I used to take pictures of the potholes, using that Myglasgow App but it’s too fiddly on the phone, a lot of small details to put in. I’d just prefer to quickly take a photo and have it know where you are” - Taxi Driver, Glasgow SMART ROAD CONDITIONS AND REPORTING
- 78. Mt Fl or ida, G429 DX GRITTING Hello Sarah! + LOGOUT MENU ROAD CONDITIONS NOWF UTURE SOLUTIONSISSUES ACTIONSACTIONS USERSUSERS SERVICES ROAD REPAIRS REPORT AN ISSU E INFORMATION WORK SCHE DULE ROADWORKS POTHOLES PAVEMENT Morning Sarah, no delays on your usual journey. Estimated time 15 minutes, you should live in 10, Remember your helmet! ROADWORKS PLANNED ROADWORKS
- 79. 1 IDEA ECO-SYSTEM Road condition and weather forecast data combined, to predict potholes and prioritise roadworks. Citizens engagement, active travel initiatives and existing data streams used to build a visual map of road conditions in the City. Closed fedback loop between citizens and councils. Smart and relevant communication thanks to predictive technologies. Recognition for civic citizens. Transparency around council services, accessible and real time information. twitter.com/_sweeply youtube.com/watch?v=vCI5H2JCw4Y (Concept presentation) An example of how social media sites can be integrated with council services. Citizens could report potholes via Twitter and receive thank you tweets from the council. Sweeply would allow the reporting of an issue, trace it and respond to it all in one platform. www.kickstarter.com/projects/panstudio/run-an- empire-the-real-world-territory-control-gam Existing kickstarter campaign for a smartphone game where you compete against others to capture territory in your local environment. To capture somewhere you have to run, jog, or walk around.
- 80. CITIZEN ISSUE COLLECTION • Use existing technology and resources to collect basic data on road conditions • Use social media to engage with citizens and acknowledge their efforts • Simplify potholes reporting process LIVE ROAD STATUS AND DATA • Gather and analyse more precise data on road conditions • Predictive technology to prioritise roadworks • Social media analytics to provide careful feedback AUTOMATIC RESPONSE TO ROAD CONDITIONS • Push data back to the city, make it visible and accessible • Use data and social media to predict and prevent citizens’ discomfort NOW 2014 FUTURE 2025 NEAR FUTURE 2020 www.cityofboston.gov/doit/apps/citizensconnect.asp Citizens Connect, City of Boston’s award-winning effort to empower residents to be the City’s “eyes and ears.” Alert the City to neighborhood issues such as potholes, damaged signs and graffiti. To start reporting, download the app, send us a text or tweet, visit our website, or give us a call. All available 24/7/365. datasmart.ash.harvard.edu/news/article/chicago-mayors-challenge-367 Open Source Municipal Analytics, pioneered by the city of Chicago. Chicago’s SmartData project will build the first open-source, predictive analytics platform – aggregating and analyzing information to help leaders make smarter, faster decisions and prevent problems before they develop.
- 81. FRONTSTAGEBACKSTAGE MYGLASGOW POTHOLES TRACKER LOOKING FOR CIVIC CYCLISTS! SIGN UP HERE We are mapping your roads! BEFORE CALLING HAVE YOU SEEN OUR DEVELOPMENT SCHEDULE? HERE HELLO ANDY WE FIXED YOUR STREET, HOW WAS YOUR JOURNEY TODAY? INFO VS S MT WT FS 82 31 2014/2015 S M T W T F S 8 2 3 1 2014/2015 SEARCH G37HQ
- 84. 85 % 56 % 42 % 70 % 34 % Positive Neutral Negative 86.5 3.7 13 61.2 7.4 32.8 Positive Neutral Negative 80 % 65 % 32 % 55 % 56 % Information Report issue Pickup schedule Data & stats
- 86. MULTI AGENCY DESIGN AS DEMOCRACY
- 104. People who live in the area have a sense of being part of and participating in a strong, supportive community * The community is able to respond to its own needs accessing support/assistance from public and private sector agencies when required * People see the area as a good place to live and successes are well publicised Produce a guide (available in multiple formats) on how people can be involved in community activities * Establish a mechanism with local people to regularly set local priorities and to consider how services and projects are contributing to achieving them * Encourage community groups to be welcoming to new members * Ask community members to identify local heroes and tell their stories through local media, Total Craigroyston Blog, schools or other places * Promote the local Timebank scheme * Total Craigroyston to hold 6 monthly‘where are we now’sessions to monitor progress Create a comprehensive and sustainable model for engaging with the wider community * Create ways for people in the community to actively participate in the development of services and running of activities, including engaging with Craigroyston Community High School student council and the North Youth Forum * Community Link Up will develop a number of the ideas proposed by the community. For example local radio, food markets, play out sessions, gardening etc * Work with Craigroyston Community High School to create volunteering opportunities for students within the local community * Work with the Volunteer Centre to identify opportunities for increased volunteering Whatpeoplewanttosee Actionsshortterm Actionslongterm APlacetoBelong APlacetoBelong APlacetoBelong Local people want to have a say in the overall development of their community and want to work together to achieve their ideas and aspirations. Residents described the type of activities they would like to see developed, like gardening clubs, a community radio station, food markets, and play activities for children and gave an undertaking to get involved in setting them up where they are not already happening. Inspiring Scotland has recognised the importance of the development of strong communities by funding the Community Link Up project. This seeks to develop new ways to bring people together into social and community groups in order to create a strong network of community associations and increase social capital. Community Link Up will work directly on this element of Total Craigroyston. other with issues they may be facing. They felt that this approach could be expanded, through schemes like the Time Bank, so that there was less reliance on public services. The Neighbourhood Partnership has worked well to engage with the local community through the involvement of community councils and holding regular public meetings on particular issues. However, local people involved in the consultation felt that there were many other groups in the community who have important in the existing partnership structures. To promote a sense of community, to involve them in community decision making, and to aplacetobelong ROUTEMAPTHEME1: sense of community spirit and belonging already exists within the area and there is a strong desire to build on and develop this. ““It would be great to be rewarded for doing work in the community and have some kind of incentive” - Local Resident Total Craigroyston Road Map: A Place to Belong “I’d definitely volunteer to run groups in the area. You just need to make it easy for me to do this” “keyideas TIMEBANKING COMMUNITYPROJECTS ROLEMODELS “Working in the way we have done with the Total Craigroyston initiative feels like we have actually been listened to. It feels different this time” - Local Resident at Co-Creation session “ SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin http://totalcraigroyston.co.uk
- 109. - Four Family Fun Days were held over the summer 2012 targeting families with children starting primary one. Again these attracted a large number of people and included a range of storytelling and singing activities. ! - Community Learning and Development staff developed a programme of out of school activities starting in early September 2012 including groups involving the Lyceum Youth Theatre and the Outdoor Learning Team. In total 11 new activities were introduced, including four new homework clubs. Numbers in these clubs have been consistently good. Special mention should be made of the homework clubs which have changed the way that children perceive the library and its use as an educational resource. A changed format of class visits to the library has been tested and will be introduced to all the schools in the area. Local teachers have reported an improved attitude to school from the children attending the homework clubs. ! - The exam results at Craigroyston High School improved in August 2012 and were the best for 10 years. ! - A social work team leader was given the lead responsibility for children looked after at home to ensure that all available support was in place for them. Outcomes of this work included ensuring that all children looked after by the local authority have an appropriate plan in place that is effectively reviewed, where possible finding people from the wider family group to act as kinship carers and creating a better link with housing colleagues to ensure that social work staff are alerted to families getting into housing crises through rent arrears. Children looked after by the local authority were actively encouraged through their ongoing contact with social work staff to take part in extracurricular activities. ! - A social work team leader is testing the use of systemic practice with three families on her case load in order to identify and address issues at their core. ! - The 16 plus positive destinations group at Craigroyston High continued to work proactively to ensure that as many school leavers as possible achieved a positive destination. This has resulted in a 7.6% improvement in the figures from last year. Transition groups were offered to P7 children going up to S1 at each local primary school. Partners included Community Learning and Development, The Haven and Pilton Youth and Children’s Project. These worked well and were welcomed by the head teachers. An evaluation was held in the October break 2012 and resulted in transition work starting earlier in January 2013. ! - Craigroyston Community High School reorganised the way that it offered support to new S1 students and was able to offer more intensive learning support to a group of youngsters who were identified as vulnerable learners. This approach worked well and helped to ensure that this group of students settled well into the routine of their new school. ! - Summer activities were coordinated and a total of 97 activities were offered across the area to local young people. This included two Play Out days where children were allowed to play in closed off streets attracting about 500 people. ! - Muirhouse Youth Development Group along with Craigroyston Community High School developed a Sports Hub for young people on a Tuesday evening. This has provided open access to the sports facilities in the Community High School for teenagers. SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin http://totalcraigroyston.co.uk
- 110. DESIGN FOR ENTERPRISE COMMUNITY COHESION AND STRATEGY FOR GOOD
- 130. SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin http://www.communityloversguide.org/#!getgo-glasgow/c1alz Youth&CrimeinWyndford Communal lighting is on 24/7The estate is ugly Rubbish on the streets Unsafe areas The physical environment creates a stereotype of the community members from both outside and within. Find opportunities to improve the physical environment. The physical environment manufactures a stereotype of the community members from both outside and within. Lack of communication between o cial organisations and the community. police don’t understand the real issues CUBE don’t deal with issues CCTV is not reviewed Regeneration o ce could be better used CUBE create problems and then don’t deal w ith them or try to treat them, not prevent them in the rst place. Open communication channels between CUBE and the community. Anti-social behaviour Gangs There is nothing to do kids left on their own vandalism alcohol drugs kids not allowed to go out to activites Youths lack role models, inspiration, and challenges. There are no inter-generational meeting opportunities. Parents don’t take time to do things with their kids. Opportunities that are attractive for all ages and creates a community space. Open communication channels between youths and adults. United community spirit is invisible. lack of hope con ict between groups community spirit is invisible No place for parents to meet each other no community voice con ict of interests fear no meeting point Poor relationships within families and the community mean kids don’t have role models and therefore lack aspiration and challenges. The closure of the school means there is no meeting point for parents and has led to social bullying by parents from other schools. Opportunities for family activities, either as a single unit or with other families. Create interaction opportunities for parents both within and outside of the estate. Issues Insights Opportunities Co-Creation
- 131. SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin http://www.communityloversguide.org/#!getgo-glasgow/c1alz Councillor Alex Dingwall The Police Glasgow City Council Councillor Dingwall lobbies the Council for better policy decisions The council provides funding to the Regeneration Agency & the Shaky CUBE’s policies make their lives harder Kids like going there Still doesn’t trust the project Thinks CUBE’s policies are detrimental for the area Finds CUBE’s policies unhelpful and makes their work harder Thinks the Council is useless Doesn’t feel trusted by the police Regeneration Agency Wisegroup ! Key Would like to do a project in Wyndford but can’t get the funding Active but ver y little uptake Work with the police on minor offences Frustrated that CUBE didn’t apply for funding for a new youth engagement officer Wants to create an environment of trust and loves within the environment Negative attitude Postive attitude ! ! Could tr y harder! ! ! Background activities
- 143. PROCESSES WITH AFFORDANCE SKILLS AND CONFIDENCE USING DESIGN TOOLS
- 154. SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin http://thisisthematter.co.uk “We realised we could make anything happen”
- 155. APPROPRIATION PEOPLE USE TECHNOLOGY IN CREATIVE AND UNEXPECTED MANNERS ! - LILIANA RODRIGUEZ
- 157. CYCLEHACK IS A GLOBAL MOVEMENT ON A MISSION TO MAKE THE WORLD MORE SUSTAINABLE BY REDUCING THE BARRIERS TO CYCLING SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin http://cyclehack.com
- 159. 48 HOUR EVENT THAT BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER TO DISCUSS THE BARRIERS TO CYCLING AND DEVELOP AND IDEAS AND PROTOTYPES THAT SOLVE THEM SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin http://cyclehack.com
- 167. “BUT PEOPLE WILL VANDALISE ANYTHING WE PUT UP” SARAH DRUMMOND WEARESNOOK.COM @wearesnook @rufflemuffin http://cyclehack.com
- 257. “GIVE PEOPLE THE TOOLS THAT GUARANTEE THEM THE RIGHT TO WORK WITH INDEPENDENT EFFICIENCY” ILLICH
- 258. “WE ARE BORN TO BE ARCHITECTS OF THE FUTURE, NOT VICTIMS OF OUR PAST” BUCKMINSTER FULLER
- 259. DESIGNER AS: ! PROMOTING OPEN PRINCIPLES SYNTHESISER SYSTEMS THINKER PLATFORM AND SUSTAINABLE NETWORKER DESIGN MANAGER DESIGN CO-PRODUCTION SYSTEMS