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Tutorial on Allotropes of Carbon, Metallic 
Bonding, properties of graphene and alloys. 
Prepared by 
Lawrence Kok 
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com
Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state 
Graphite Graphene 
Diamond Fullerene, C60 
Bond to 3 C atoms 
Bond to 4 C atoms 
Bond to 3 C atoms 
…
Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state 
Diamond Fullerene, C60 
• Carbon- sp2 hybridization 
• Bonded in geodesic shape 
• 60 carbon in spherical - 20 hexagon/ 12 pentagon 
• 1 π electron free to delocalized. 
• Surface is not planar, but sphere 
• Electrons NOT able to flow easily. 
Graphene 
• Carbon- sp2 hybridization 
• Carbon bond to 3 others form hexagon (120) 
• Exist chicken wire/honeycomb- 1 layer 
Bond to 3 C atoms 
• Carbon- sp3 hybridization 
• Bonded tetrahedrally 
• Strong hard covalent network 
• Carbon- sp2 hybridization 
• Bonded Trigonal planar (layers) 
• Giant covalent structure (2D) 
• Strong covalent network within layers 
• Weak Van Der Waals force bet layers 
Giant covalent structure (3D) 
Giant covalent structure (2D) 
Molecular structure 
✓ 
✓ ✓ 
Giant covalent structure (2D) ✓ 
Graphite 
Bond to 4 C atoms 
Bond to 3 C atoms 
…
Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state 
Graphite 
Diamond Fullerene, C60 
Bond to 3 C atoms 
• Carbon- sp2 hybridization 
• Bonded in geodesic shape 
• 60 carbon in spherical - 20 hexagon/ 12 pentagon 
• 1 π electron free to delocalized. 
• Surface is not planar, but sphere 
• Electrons NOT able to flow easily. 
Graphene 
Bond to 3 C atoms 
… 
• Carbon- sp2 hybridization 
• Bonded Trigonal planar (layers) 
• Giant covalent structure (2D) 
• Strong covalent network within layers 
• Weak Van Der Waals force bet layers 
Giant covalent structure (2D) 
✓ ✓ 
• Carbon- sp2 hybridization 
• Carbon bond to 3 others form hexagon (120) 
• Exist chicken wire/honeycomb- 1 layer 
Bond to 4 C atoms 
• Carbon- sp3 hybridization 
• Bonded tetrahedrally 
• Strong hard covalent network 
Giant covalent structure (3D) 
Molecular structure 
✓ 
Giant covalent structure (2D) ✓ 
Uses of graphene 
Click here to view Click here to view Click here to view
Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state 
Diamond Graphite Graphene Fullerene, C60
Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state 
Diamond Graphite Graphene Fullerene, C60 
Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity 
✗ Good 
✓ Semiconductor 
- Within layer, C sp2 hybridized 
- ONE free delocalized π electron 
Very Good 
- Within layer, C sp2 hybridized 
- ONE free delocalized π electron 
moving across the layer easily 
Poor 
- C sp3 hybridized 
- No free moving electron 
- Surface sphere, not planar 
- Electrons CANNOT flow easily. 
- Lower electron mobility
Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state 
Diamond Graphite Graphene Fullerene, C60 
Electrical conductivity 
✗ ✓ Semiconductor 
Special property 
Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity 
Special property 
Good 
- Within layer, C sp2 hybridized 
- ONE free delocalized π electron 
Very Good 
- Within layer, C sp2 hybridized 
- ONE free delocalized π electron 
moving across the layer easily 
Poor 
- C sp3 hybridized 
- No free moving electron 
- Surface sphere, not planar 
- Electrons CANNOT flow easily. 
- Lower electron mobility 
- Soft, layer slide 
across each other 
- Hardest substance 
- Jewellery 
Special property 
graphite lubricant electrode 
Lightest/strongest material 
replacing silicon in photovoltaic cell 
Drug delivery Transistor/Electronic 
Transparent conducting 
electrode 
Drug in graphene Click here uses graphene
Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state 
Graphene 
• sp2 hybridization 
• Exist as 2D/chicken wire/honeycomb 
• Stronger than diamond, x200 stronger steel 
• Conductive than copper 
• Flexible/Transparent/lighter than rubber 
• Solar cell and batteries 
Single sheet conductor Rool into conductive nanotubes
Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state 
Graphene Fullerene, C60 
Electron in hexagonal rings do not 
delocalized over whole molecule. 
6:5 bond bet hexagon and pentagon 
6:6 bond shorter than 6:5 
60 carbon in spherical 
((20 hexagon/12 pentagon) 
• sp2 hybridization 
• Exist as 2D/chicken wire/honeycomb 
• Stronger than diamond, x200 stronger steel 
• Conductive than copper 
• Flexible/Transparent/lighter than rubber 
• Solar cell and batteries 
Single sheet conductor Rool into conductive nanotubes 
6:6 bond length bet two hexagon 
Double bond 
Single bond
Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state 
Graphene Fullerene, C60 
Single sheet conductor Rool into conductive nanotubes 
Click here to view touch screen 
Electron in hexagonal rings do not 
delocalized over whole molecule. 
6:5 bond bet hexagon and pentagon 
6:6 bond length bet two hexagon 
6:6 bond shorter than 6:5 
Macroscopic properties 
60 carbon in spherical 
((20 hexagon/12 pentagon) 
•High tensile strength 
•High electrical /heat conductivity 
•High ductility and chemical inactivity 
Potential medicinal use 
•Trap/bind drug inside/outside cage 
•Target cancer cells 
Drug inside Drug bind outside 
• sp2 hybridization 
• Exist as 2D/chicken wire/honeycomb 
• Stronger than diamond, x200 stronger steel 
• Conductive than copper 
• Flexible/Transparent/lighter than rubber 
• Solar cell and batteries 
Graphene touch screen and photovoltaic cell 
Click here for application of graphene 
Double bond 
Electrical contact 
photovoltaic cell 
Lightest and strongest replacing silicon in photovoltaic cell 
Single bond
Uses of Carbon Allotropes 
rool into rool into 
sp2 hybridization 
graphene 
• Conduct current/heat very well 
• Conduct current at speed of light 
• Electron delocalized above/below plane 
• High electron mobility 
CNT- fullerene family of carbon allotropes. 
Hollow cylindrical molecule 
Rolling single or multiple layers of graphene sheet. 
Single-wall SWNT/ multi-wall MWCNT 
High tensile, stable, unreactive 
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 
1 layer thick 
Single wall Nanotube (SWNT) Multi wall Nanotubes (MWNT)
Uses of Carbon Allotropes 
rool into rool into 
sp2 hybridization 
graphene 
• Conduct current/heat very well 
• Conduct current at speed of light 
• Electron delocalized above/below plane 
• High electron mobility 
CNT- fullerene family of carbon allotropes. 
Hollow cylindrical molecule 
Rolling single or multiple layers of graphene sheet. 
Single-wall SWNT/ multi-wall MWCNT 
High tensile, stable, unreactive 
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 
1 layer thick 
Single wall Nanotube (SWNT) Multi wall Nanotubes (MWNT) 
Uses of CNT 
Strong tubes as 
space elevator 
Filter off salt 
(desalination) 
Drug delivery to body Attachment drug 
therapeutics
Uses of Carbon Allotropes 
rool into rool into 
sp2 hybridization 
graphene 
• Conduct current/heat very well 
• Conduct current at speed of light 
• Electron delocalized above/below plane 
• High electron mobility 
CNT- fullerene family of carbon allotropes. 
Hollow cylindrical molecule 
Rolling single or multiple layers of graphene sheet. 
Single-wall SWNT/ multi-wall MWCNT 
High tensile, stable, unreactive 
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 
Single wall Nanotube (SWNT) Multi wall Nanotubes (MWNT) 
Click here discovery graphene Click here TEDtalk graphene 
Click here CNT Click here to view 
1 layer thick 
Uses of CNT 
Strong tubes as 
space elevator 
Filter off salt 
(desalination) 
Drug delivery to body Attachment drug 
therapeutics
Metallic Bonding 
Metals 
Metallic bonding 
Electrostatic forces attraction 
- bet lattice of positive ions with 
delocalized electron 
Metallic elements- Cu, Na, K, Cu 
Lattice of positive ions with sea of free electrons
Metallic Bonding 
Metals 
Metallic bonding 
Electrostatic forces attraction 
- bet lattice of positive ions with 
delocalized electron 
Metallic elements- Cu, Na, K, Cu 
Lattice of positive ions with sea of free electrons 
Metallic Bonding 
Metallic Property 
Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity 
Malleability/Ductile High melting point 
High Temp Low Temp 
heat flow 
electron flow 
Delocalized free moving electron carry charge/heat 
✓ 
Form sheet by hammering 
Ductile -stretch into wires 
Bend and shaped 
Strong Electrostatic force attraction 
- between lattice of positive ions with 
Atom able to roll/slide to new position 
without breaking metallic bond 
delocalized electron
Melting Point • Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) 
• Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule 
Factors affecting melting point for metals 
• Melting point across Period 2/3 
• Melting point down Gp 1 
Gp 1 
Period 2/3 
Metallic Bonding 
Melting Point metals 
Electrostatic forces attraction 
- bet lattice of positive ions with 
delocalized electron 
Electrostatic force attraction 
Metallic Bonding
Melting Point • Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) 
• Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule 
Factors affecting melting point for metals 
• Melting point across Period 2/3 
• Melting point down Gp 1 
Gp 1 
Period 2/3 
Metallic Bonding 
Melting Point metals 
Electrostatic force attraction 
period 2 
period 3 
period 2 
period 3 
Li 
Be 
B 
C 
N O F Ne 
Na 
MgAI 
Si 
P S CI 
Electrostatic forces attraction 
- bet lattice of positive ions with 
delocalized electron 
Melting point across Period 2 and 3 
Melting point across 
Period 2 and 3 
Size of atom decrease ↓ Number delocalized 
electron increase ↑ 
Electrostatic forces attraction 
INCREASES ↑ 
Melting point 
INCREASE ↑ ✓ 
Metallic Bonding 
Metalic Bonding 
INCREASE ↑
Melting Point 
Gp 1 
Period 2/3 
Metallic Bonding 
Melting Point metals 
Metallic Bonding Electrostatic force attraction 
Electrostatic forces attraction 
- bet lattice of positive ions with 
delocalized electron 
• Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) 
• Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule 
• Melting point across Period 2/3 
• Melting point down Gp 1
Melting Point 
Gp 1 
Period 2/3 
Metallic Bonding 
Melting Point metals 
• Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) 
• Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule 
Metallic Bonding Electrostatic force attraction 
Electrostatic forces attraction 
- bet lattice of positive ions with 
delocalized electron 
Number delocalized electrons 
Factors affecting Metallic Bonding 
Charge on cation Radius cation 
Higher ↑ charge cation 
Higher ↑ metallic bonding 
(melting point) 
Bigger ↑ radius cation 
Lower ↓ metallic bonding 
(melting point) 
Higher ↑ number delocalized electrons 
Higher ↑ metallic bonding 
(melting point) 
• Melting point across Period 2/3 
• Melting point down Gp 1
Melting Point 
Gp 1 
• Melting point across Period 2/3 
• Melting point down Gp 1 
Period 2/3 
Metallic Bonding 
Melting Point metals 
• Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) 
• Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule 
Metallic Bonding Electrostatic force attraction 
Electrostatic forces attraction 
- bet lattice of positive ions with 
delocalized electron 
+1 +2 
✓ 
Number delocalized electrons 
Factors affecting Metallic Bonding 
Charge on cation Radius cation 
Higher ↑ charge cation 
Higher ↑ metallic bonding 
(melting point) 
Bigger ↑ radius cation 
Lower ↓ metallic bonding 
(melting point) 
Higher ↑ number delocalized electrons 
Why m/p Na (Gp 1) less than Mg (Gp 2) ? Why melting 
point different? 
ONE delocalized 
electron per atom 
TWO delocalized 
electron per atom 
Radius cation Bigger ↑ Radius cation Smaller ↓ 
MELTING POINT MELTING POINT 
Higher ↑ metallic bonding 
(melting point) 
Charge cation smaller ↓ Charge cation Bigger ↑
Metals 
•Same type of elements/atom arrangement 
•Malleable – shaped by hammering 
•Ductile –deform/ turn to wire 
structure - crystalline lattice same type atoms 
Metals Alloy 
Aluminium 
- Soft/malleable 
Metals Vs Alloy 
Alloy 
•Mixture metals / non metal 
•Property alloy far superior than its element/metal 
•Stronger, harder and enhanced qualities than metals 
structure - crystalline lattice different atomic sizes 
Duralumin (Aluminium + Copper) 
✗ Strong aircraft 
✓ 
✗ 
Vs 
Vs 
Iron 
- Soft/malleable 
Steel 
- Strong/Hard 
Malleable (hammer) Ductile (Stretch) 
Mixture of metals 
in lattice 
✓
Metals Alloy 
✗ ✓ 
✗ 
Heating mixture metals together 
Alloy cool/solidifies, mechanical property diff from its individual constituents 
Metals/non-metals often enhance its properties. 
Induce strength/hardness by occupying empty spaces bet lattice structure 
Metals 
•Same type of elements/atom arrangement 
•Malleable – shaped by hammering 
•Ductile –deform/ turn to wire 
structure - crystalline lattice same type atoms 
Aluminium 
- Soft/malleable 
Click here for list of alloys 
Metals Vs Alloy 
Alloy 
•Mixture metals / non metal 
•Property alloy far superior than its element/metal 
•Stronger, harder and enhanced qualities than metals 
structure - crystalline lattice different atomic sizes 
Duralumin (Aluminium + Copper) 
Strong aircraft 
Vs 
Vs 
Iron 
- Soft/malleable 
Steel 
- Strong/Hard 
What makes 
alloy strong? 
Metal occupy spaces 
in between 
Heat mixture metals 
Malleable (hammer) Ductile (Stretch) 
Mixture of metals 
in lattice 
Strong + hard 
✓ 
Click here uses alloy - nitinol robot
Metals 
Structure - crystalline lattice same type atoms 
Metals Vs Alloy 
Property alloy far superior 
than its element/metal 
+ 
Structure - crystalline lattice different atomic sizes 
Vs 
Malleable (hammer) Ductile (Stretch) Mixture of metals 
in lattice 
Same type atom 
arrangement 
Ductile – 
Deform/turn to wire 
Malleable – 
Shaped by hammer 
Alloy 
Mixture metals/non metal 
Stronger, harder- enhance qualities than metals 
✓ 
Metal + Metal = Alloy 
✓
Metals 
Same type atom 
arrangement 
Ductile – 
Deform/turn to wire 
Malleable – 
Shaped by hammer 
Structure - crystalline lattice same type atoms 
Metals Vs Alloy 
Property alloy far superior 
than its element/metal 
+ 
Structure - crystalline lattice different atomic sizes 
Vs 
Malleable (hammer) Ductile (Stretch) Mixture of metals 
in lattice 
Alloy Component Property/Uses 
Steel Iron + Carbon Structural material 
Stainless steel Iron + Carbon +Nickel +Chromium Corrosion resistance 
Brass Copper + Zinc Decorative 
Bronze Copper + Tin Coins and medals 
Duralumin Aluminium + Copper + Manganese Aircraft 
Nichrome Nickel + Chromium Heating element 
Pewter Tin + Copper + Antimony Decorative 
Nitinol Nickel + Titanium Shape memory, 
actuator 
Bold – Base main metal used 
Alloy 
Mixture metals/non metal 
Stronger, harder- enhance qualities than metals 
✓ 
Metal + Metal = Alloy 
Steel Stainless steel Brass Bronze 
Click here different alloys 
Types of Alloy 
✓ 
Pewter 
Duralumin Nichrome 
Click here uses alloy - nitinol robot
Crystalline Structure 
Giant metallic Giant Ionic Giant Covalent 
Network 
Simple Molecular 
Non Polar Polar molecule H2 Bonding 
Particles Atoms(Metals) 
Na, K, Li, Ca, Mg 
Ion (+ve/-ve ions) 
Na+CI-, K+CI-Atoms 
from Gp4 
(Carbon/Silicon) 
Molecules with Molecule with Molecule with H atom 
- Similar EN value - Different EN value - bonded to N, O, F 
- Bond polarity cancel – Dipole moment (electronegative atom) 
- Symmetrical - Asymmetrical 
Bonding Lattice of positive 
ions with sea of 
electrons 
Electrostatic forces 
attraction bet +ion 
with electron 
Lattice of positive 
and negative ions 
Electrostatic forces 
attraction bet +ion 
with -ion 
Giant covalent 
throughout 3D 
structure. 
Within molecule Within molecule Within molecule 
-strong covalent - strong covalent - strong covalent 
Between molecule Between molecule Between molecule 
-weak intermolecular - weak intermolecular - weak intermolecular 
-VDF - VDF - VDF 
- Dipole-dipole - Dipole -dipole 
- H2 bonding 
Physical 
Property 
State 
Solid 
(Non volatile) 
Solid 
(Non volatile) 
Solid 
(Non volatile) 
Liq/Gas Liq/Gas Liq/Gas 
(Volatile) (Volatile) (Volatile) 
Melting 
Point 
HIGH HIGH VERY HIGH Very Low Very Low Very Low 
Conduct Good Conductor 
-free moving 
electron 
Good conductor 
-free moving ions in 
molten/aq state 
Poor conductor 
- Diamond, SiO2 
Semiconductor 
- Graphite, C60 
Good conductor 
- Graphene 
Poor conductor Poor conductor Poor conductor 
Solubility Insoluble Soluble in polar 
solvent 
Insoluble Soluble in polar Soluble in non polar Soluble in polar solvent 
solvent solvent 
Sea electrons +ve / -ve ions 
Metallic Bonding Ionic Bonding Strong Covalent 
✓ 
CI CI 
CI CI 
.... CI CI 
... 
... 
Between 
Within molecule 
molecule 
.... 
Between 
molecule 
Within 
molecule 
H2 Bonding 
Carbon atoms 
Silicon atoms
Acknowledgements 
Thanks to source of pictures and video used in this presentation 
Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent contribution on licenses 
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ 
Prepared by Lawrence Kok 
Check out more video tutorials from my site and hope you enjoy this tutorial 
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com

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IB Chemistry on Allotrope of Carbon, Graphene, Alloy and Metallic Bonding

  • 1. Tutorial on Allotropes of Carbon, Metallic Bonding, properties of graphene and alloys. Prepared by Lawrence Kok http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com
  • 2. Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state Graphite Graphene Diamond Fullerene, C60 Bond to 3 C atoms Bond to 4 C atoms Bond to 3 C atoms …
  • 3. Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state Diamond Fullerene, C60 • Carbon- sp2 hybridization • Bonded in geodesic shape • 60 carbon in spherical - 20 hexagon/ 12 pentagon • 1 π electron free to delocalized. • Surface is not planar, but sphere • Electrons NOT able to flow easily. Graphene • Carbon- sp2 hybridization • Carbon bond to 3 others form hexagon (120) • Exist chicken wire/honeycomb- 1 layer Bond to 3 C atoms • Carbon- sp3 hybridization • Bonded tetrahedrally • Strong hard covalent network • Carbon- sp2 hybridization • Bonded Trigonal planar (layers) • Giant covalent structure (2D) • Strong covalent network within layers • Weak Van Der Waals force bet layers Giant covalent structure (3D) Giant covalent structure (2D) Molecular structure ✓ ✓ ✓ Giant covalent structure (2D) ✓ Graphite Bond to 4 C atoms Bond to 3 C atoms …
  • 4. Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state Graphite Diamond Fullerene, C60 Bond to 3 C atoms • Carbon- sp2 hybridization • Bonded in geodesic shape • 60 carbon in spherical - 20 hexagon/ 12 pentagon • 1 π electron free to delocalized. • Surface is not planar, but sphere • Electrons NOT able to flow easily. Graphene Bond to 3 C atoms … • Carbon- sp2 hybridization • Bonded Trigonal planar (layers) • Giant covalent structure (2D) • Strong covalent network within layers • Weak Van Der Waals force bet layers Giant covalent structure (2D) ✓ ✓ • Carbon- sp2 hybridization • Carbon bond to 3 others form hexagon (120) • Exist chicken wire/honeycomb- 1 layer Bond to 4 C atoms • Carbon- sp3 hybridization • Bonded tetrahedrally • Strong hard covalent network Giant covalent structure (3D) Molecular structure ✓ Giant covalent structure (2D) ✓ Uses of graphene Click here to view Click here to view Click here to view
  • 5. Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state Diamond Graphite Graphene Fullerene, C60
  • 6. Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state Diamond Graphite Graphene Fullerene, C60 Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity ✗ Good ✓ Semiconductor - Within layer, C sp2 hybridized - ONE free delocalized π electron Very Good - Within layer, C sp2 hybridized - ONE free delocalized π electron moving across the layer easily Poor - C sp3 hybridized - No free moving electron - Surface sphere, not planar - Electrons CANNOT flow easily. - Lower electron mobility
  • 7. Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state Diamond Graphite Graphene Fullerene, C60 Electrical conductivity ✗ ✓ Semiconductor Special property Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity Electrical conductivity Special property Good - Within layer, C sp2 hybridized - ONE free delocalized π electron Very Good - Within layer, C sp2 hybridized - ONE free delocalized π electron moving across the layer easily Poor - C sp3 hybridized - No free moving electron - Surface sphere, not planar - Electrons CANNOT flow easily. - Lower electron mobility - Soft, layer slide across each other - Hardest substance - Jewellery Special property graphite lubricant electrode Lightest/strongest material replacing silicon in photovoltaic cell Drug delivery Transistor/Electronic Transparent conducting electrode Drug in graphene Click here uses graphene
  • 8. Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state Graphene • sp2 hybridization • Exist as 2D/chicken wire/honeycomb • Stronger than diamond, x200 stronger steel • Conductive than copper • Flexible/Transparent/lighter than rubber • Solar cell and batteries Single sheet conductor Rool into conductive nanotubes
  • 9. Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state Graphene Fullerene, C60 Electron in hexagonal rings do not delocalized over whole molecule. 6:5 bond bet hexagon and pentagon 6:6 bond shorter than 6:5 60 carbon in spherical ((20 hexagon/12 pentagon) • sp2 hybridization • Exist as 2D/chicken wire/honeycomb • Stronger than diamond, x200 stronger steel • Conductive than copper • Flexible/Transparent/lighter than rubber • Solar cell and batteries Single sheet conductor Rool into conductive nanotubes 6:6 bond length bet two hexagon Double bond Single bond
  • 10. Allotropes of Carbon Element exist in different form/physical state Graphene Fullerene, C60 Single sheet conductor Rool into conductive nanotubes Click here to view touch screen Electron in hexagonal rings do not delocalized over whole molecule. 6:5 bond bet hexagon and pentagon 6:6 bond length bet two hexagon 6:6 bond shorter than 6:5 Macroscopic properties 60 carbon in spherical ((20 hexagon/12 pentagon) •High tensile strength •High electrical /heat conductivity •High ductility and chemical inactivity Potential medicinal use •Trap/bind drug inside/outside cage •Target cancer cells Drug inside Drug bind outside • sp2 hybridization • Exist as 2D/chicken wire/honeycomb • Stronger than diamond, x200 stronger steel • Conductive than copper • Flexible/Transparent/lighter than rubber • Solar cell and batteries Graphene touch screen and photovoltaic cell Click here for application of graphene Double bond Electrical contact photovoltaic cell Lightest and strongest replacing silicon in photovoltaic cell Single bond
  • 11. Uses of Carbon Allotropes rool into rool into sp2 hybridization graphene • Conduct current/heat very well • Conduct current at speed of light • Electron delocalized above/below plane • High electron mobility CNT- fullerene family of carbon allotropes. Hollow cylindrical molecule Rolling single or multiple layers of graphene sheet. Single-wall SWNT/ multi-wall MWCNT High tensile, stable, unreactive Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 1 layer thick Single wall Nanotube (SWNT) Multi wall Nanotubes (MWNT)
  • 12. Uses of Carbon Allotropes rool into rool into sp2 hybridization graphene • Conduct current/heat very well • Conduct current at speed of light • Electron delocalized above/below plane • High electron mobility CNT- fullerene family of carbon allotropes. Hollow cylindrical molecule Rolling single or multiple layers of graphene sheet. Single-wall SWNT/ multi-wall MWCNT High tensile, stable, unreactive Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 1 layer thick Single wall Nanotube (SWNT) Multi wall Nanotubes (MWNT) Uses of CNT Strong tubes as space elevator Filter off salt (desalination) Drug delivery to body Attachment drug therapeutics
  • 13. Uses of Carbon Allotropes rool into rool into sp2 hybridization graphene • Conduct current/heat very well • Conduct current at speed of light • Electron delocalized above/below plane • High electron mobility CNT- fullerene family of carbon allotropes. Hollow cylindrical molecule Rolling single or multiple layers of graphene sheet. Single-wall SWNT/ multi-wall MWCNT High tensile, stable, unreactive Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Single wall Nanotube (SWNT) Multi wall Nanotubes (MWNT) Click here discovery graphene Click here TEDtalk graphene Click here CNT Click here to view 1 layer thick Uses of CNT Strong tubes as space elevator Filter off salt (desalination) Drug delivery to body Attachment drug therapeutics
  • 14. Metallic Bonding Metals Metallic bonding Electrostatic forces attraction - bet lattice of positive ions with delocalized electron Metallic elements- Cu, Na, K, Cu Lattice of positive ions with sea of free electrons
  • 15. Metallic Bonding Metals Metallic bonding Electrostatic forces attraction - bet lattice of positive ions with delocalized electron Metallic elements- Cu, Na, K, Cu Lattice of positive ions with sea of free electrons Metallic Bonding Metallic Property Electrical conductivity Thermal conductivity Malleability/Ductile High melting point High Temp Low Temp heat flow electron flow Delocalized free moving electron carry charge/heat ✓ Form sheet by hammering Ductile -stretch into wires Bend and shaped Strong Electrostatic force attraction - between lattice of positive ions with Atom able to roll/slide to new position without breaking metallic bond delocalized electron
  • 16. Melting Point • Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) • Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule Factors affecting melting point for metals • Melting point across Period 2/3 • Melting point down Gp 1 Gp 1 Period 2/3 Metallic Bonding Melting Point metals Electrostatic forces attraction - bet lattice of positive ions with delocalized electron Electrostatic force attraction Metallic Bonding
  • 17. Melting Point • Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) • Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule Factors affecting melting point for metals • Melting point across Period 2/3 • Melting point down Gp 1 Gp 1 Period 2/3 Metallic Bonding Melting Point metals Electrostatic force attraction period 2 period 3 period 2 period 3 Li Be B C N O F Ne Na MgAI Si P S CI Electrostatic forces attraction - bet lattice of positive ions with delocalized electron Melting point across Period 2 and 3 Melting point across Period 2 and 3 Size of atom decrease ↓ Number delocalized electron increase ↑ Electrostatic forces attraction INCREASES ↑ Melting point INCREASE ↑ ✓ Metallic Bonding Metalic Bonding INCREASE ↑
  • 18. Melting Point Gp 1 Period 2/3 Metallic Bonding Melting Point metals Metallic Bonding Electrostatic force attraction Electrostatic forces attraction - bet lattice of positive ions with delocalized electron • Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) • Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule • Melting point across Period 2/3 • Melting point down Gp 1
  • 19. Melting Point Gp 1 Period 2/3 Metallic Bonding Melting Point metals • Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) • Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule Metallic Bonding Electrostatic force attraction Electrostatic forces attraction - bet lattice of positive ions with delocalized electron Number delocalized electrons Factors affecting Metallic Bonding Charge on cation Radius cation Higher ↑ charge cation Higher ↑ metallic bonding (melting point) Bigger ↑ radius cation Lower ↓ metallic bonding (melting point) Higher ↑ number delocalized electrons Higher ↑ metallic bonding (melting point) • Melting point across Period 2/3 • Melting point down Gp 1
  • 20. Melting Point Gp 1 • Melting point across Period 2/3 • Melting point down Gp 1 Period 2/3 Metallic Bonding Melting Point metals • Temp when solid turn to liquid (temp remain constant) • Energy absorb to overcome forces attraction bet molecule Metallic Bonding Electrostatic force attraction Electrostatic forces attraction - bet lattice of positive ions with delocalized electron +1 +2 ✓ Number delocalized electrons Factors affecting Metallic Bonding Charge on cation Radius cation Higher ↑ charge cation Higher ↑ metallic bonding (melting point) Bigger ↑ radius cation Lower ↓ metallic bonding (melting point) Higher ↑ number delocalized electrons Why m/p Na (Gp 1) less than Mg (Gp 2) ? Why melting point different? ONE delocalized electron per atom TWO delocalized electron per atom Radius cation Bigger ↑ Radius cation Smaller ↓ MELTING POINT MELTING POINT Higher ↑ metallic bonding (melting point) Charge cation smaller ↓ Charge cation Bigger ↑
  • 21. Metals •Same type of elements/atom arrangement •Malleable – shaped by hammering •Ductile –deform/ turn to wire structure - crystalline lattice same type atoms Metals Alloy Aluminium - Soft/malleable Metals Vs Alloy Alloy •Mixture metals / non metal •Property alloy far superior than its element/metal •Stronger, harder and enhanced qualities than metals structure - crystalline lattice different atomic sizes Duralumin (Aluminium + Copper) ✗ Strong aircraft ✓ ✗ Vs Vs Iron - Soft/malleable Steel - Strong/Hard Malleable (hammer) Ductile (Stretch) Mixture of metals in lattice ✓
  • 22. Metals Alloy ✗ ✓ ✗ Heating mixture metals together Alloy cool/solidifies, mechanical property diff from its individual constituents Metals/non-metals often enhance its properties. Induce strength/hardness by occupying empty spaces bet lattice structure Metals •Same type of elements/atom arrangement •Malleable – shaped by hammering •Ductile –deform/ turn to wire structure - crystalline lattice same type atoms Aluminium - Soft/malleable Click here for list of alloys Metals Vs Alloy Alloy •Mixture metals / non metal •Property alloy far superior than its element/metal •Stronger, harder and enhanced qualities than metals structure - crystalline lattice different atomic sizes Duralumin (Aluminium + Copper) Strong aircraft Vs Vs Iron - Soft/malleable Steel - Strong/Hard What makes alloy strong? Metal occupy spaces in between Heat mixture metals Malleable (hammer) Ductile (Stretch) Mixture of metals in lattice Strong + hard ✓ Click here uses alloy - nitinol robot
  • 23. Metals Structure - crystalline lattice same type atoms Metals Vs Alloy Property alloy far superior than its element/metal + Structure - crystalline lattice different atomic sizes Vs Malleable (hammer) Ductile (Stretch) Mixture of metals in lattice Same type atom arrangement Ductile – Deform/turn to wire Malleable – Shaped by hammer Alloy Mixture metals/non metal Stronger, harder- enhance qualities than metals ✓ Metal + Metal = Alloy ✓
  • 24. Metals Same type atom arrangement Ductile – Deform/turn to wire Malleable – Shaped by hammer Structure - crystalline lattice same type atoms Metals Vs Alloy Property alloy far superior than its element/metal + Structure - crystalline lattice different atomic sizes Vs Malleable (hammer) Ductile (Stretch) Mixture of metals in lattice Alloy Component Property/Uses Steel Iron + Carbon Structural material Stainless steel Iron + Carbon +Nickel +Chromium Corrosion resistance Brass Copper + Zinc Decorative Bronze Copper + Tin Coins and medals Duralumin Aluminium + Copper + Manganese Aircraft Nichrome Nickel + Chromium Heating element Pewter Tin + Copper + Antimony Decorative Nitinol Nickel + Titanium Shape memory, actuator Bold – Base main metal used Alloy Mixture metals/non metal Stronger, harder- enhance qualities than metals ✓ Metal + Metal = Alloy Steel Stainless steel Brass Bronze Click here different alloys Types of Alloy ✓ Pewter Duralumin Nichrome Click here uses alloy - nitinol robot
  • 25. Crystalline Structure Giant metallic Giant Ionic Giant Covalent Network Simple Molecular Non Polar Polar molecule H2 Bonding Particles Atoms(Metals) Na, K, Li, Ca, Mg Ion (+ve/-ve ions) Na+CI-, K+CI-Atoms from Gp4 (Carbon/Silicon) Molecules with Molecule with Molecule with H atom - Similar EN value - Different EN value - bonded to N, O, F - Bond polarity cancel – Dipole moment (electronegative atom) - Symmetrical - Asymmetrical Bonding Lattice of positive ions with sea of electrons Electrostatic forces attraction bet +ion with electron Lattice of positive and negative ions Electrostatic forces attraction bet +ion with -ion Giant covalent throughout 3D structure. Within molecule Within molecule Within molecule -strong covalent - strong covalent - strong covalent Between molecule Between molecule Between molecule -weak intermolecular - weak intermolecular - weak intermolecular -VDF - VDF - VDF - Dipole-dipole - Dipole -dipole - H2 bonding Physical Property State Solid (Non volatile) Solid (Non volatile) Solid (Non volatile) Liq/Gas Liq/Gas Liq/Gas (Volatile) (Volatile) (Volatile) Melting Point HIGH HIGH VERY HIGH Very Low Very Low Very Low Conduct Good Conductor -free moving electron Good conductor -free moving ions in molten/aq state Poor conductor - Diamond, SiO2 Semiconductor - Graphite, C60 Good conductor - Graphene Poor conductor Poor conductor Poor conductor Solubility Insoluble Soluble in polar solvent Insoluble Soluble in polar Soluble in non polar Soluble in polar solvent solvent solvent Sea electrons +ve / -ve ions Metallic Bonding Ionic Bonding Strong Covalent ✓ CI CI CI CI .... CI CI ... ... Between Within molecule molecule .... Between molecule Within molecule H2 Bonding Carbon atoms Silicon atoms
  • 26. Acknowledgements Thanks to source of pictures and video used in this presentation Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent contribution on licenses http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Prepared by Lawrence Kok Check out more video tutorials from my site and hope you enjoy this tutorial http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com