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CONJUNCTIONS,
TRANSITIONAL
PHRASES and
INTENSIFIERS
IN TURKISH
Yüksel Göknel

2013
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS

CONJUNCTIONS AND TRANSITIONAL PHRASES
Conjunctions are the words that join sentences, clauses or words. There are
two kinds of conjunctions in English: Coordinating conjunctions and
subordinating conjunctions. The coordinating conjunctions are words like
"and", "but", "or", "for" or "yet". The subordinating conjunctions, however, are
the words that are used preceding simple sentences to form syntactic
adverbs (adverb clauses) in English, such as, "although", "until", "before",
"after", "while", "when", etc., all of which have been explained in the previous
chapters.
Transitional words and phrases, however, link sentences and paragraphs
by carrying over a thought coherently from one sentence or paragraph to
another.
Some of the most frequently used Turkish coordinating conjunctions and
transitional adverbials and phrases are as follows:

açıkçası: in plain words, in short, frankly speaking
Başının ağrıdığını ve evde bir sürü yapacak işi olduğunu söylüyor.
Açıkçası, bizimle gezmeye gitmek istemiyor.
She says she has a headache and has so many things to do at home.
In plain words, she does not want to go for a walk with us.

aksi takdirde, (yoksa): otherwise
Şu televizyonu kapat. Aksi takdirde (aksi halde) (yoksa), ne yapacağımı
biliyorsun.
Turn the TV off; otherwise (if not) you know what I’ll do.

aksine, bilakis: on the contrary
Ben televizyonda futbol seyretmeyi seviyorum. Aksine, öğlum maç seyretmekten nefret ediyor.
I like watching football on television. On the contrary, my son hates watching
football matches.

ama: but, yet, still, really, truly
Akıllıdır ama biraz tembeldir. She is clever, but rather lazy.

ancak: but, however, yet
Çok güzel bir kız, ancak başarılı değil.
She is a beautiful girl; yet, she is not successful.

2
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS
Jack Mary’e aşık. Ancak, Mary Jack’e aşık değil.
Jack is in love with Mary. However, Mary is not in love with him.

aslında : in fact
Mary ev işini kendisinin yaptığını söyüyor. Ama aslında, işin çoğunu
kocası yapıyor.
Mary says that she does the housework herself. In fact, her husband does
most of the housework.

aynı biçimde : likewise
Öteki sorulara aynı şekilde (biçimde) cevap verebilirsin.
You can answer the other questions likewise.

başka bir deyişle: in other words,
bilhassa: in particular, particularly, specifically, above all
bir yandan: on the one hand
bu amaçla: for this purpose
bu doğrultuda: accordingly
Öğretmen öğrencilere sessiz olmalarını söyledi, ve onlar da bu doğrultuda davrandılar.
The teacher told the students to be quiet, and the students acted accordingly.

bu durumda, öyleyse: in that case
Sabahleyin sana ev ödevinde yardım etmemi istiyorsun. Öyleyse yarın
sabah daha erken kalk.
You want me to help you with your homework in the morning. In that case,
get up earlier tomorrow morning.

bu sırada, bu arada: meanwhile
Sen mutfakta yemek yapmaya devam et. Bu arada ben de oturma odasında biraz kestireyim.
You go on cooking in the kitchen. Meanwhile let me have a nap in the sitting
room.

bunun için: because of this, for this reason, therefore
Onun çok kez yalan söyledigini duydum. Bunun için ona artık inanmıyorum. I have heard him tell lies so many times; for this reason, I don’t believe him anymore.

3
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS

bunun yerine : instead
Adam bana cevap vermedi. Bunun yerine salakmışım gibi yüzüme baktı
durdu.
The man did not answer; instead, he stared at me as if I were a fool.

bu yüzden: therefore, for that reason, so, that is why
Hindistan’a hiç gitmedim; bu yüzden sana akıl veremem.
I have never been to India; therefore, I cannot advise you.
Yürüyüşe çıkmak için sokağa çıktığımda yağmur yağmaya başladı. Bu
yüzden, ben de sinemaya gitmeye karar verdim.
When I left home to go for a walk, it began to rain, so I decided to go to the
cinema.

bu şartlar altında: under these circumstances (conditions)
Bu şartlar altında artık sizinle çalışamam.
I can't work with you any more under these conditions.

çünkü : because
Televizyonu kapatsan iyi olur, çünkü işime devam edemiyorum.
You had better turn off the TV because I can’t go on with my work.

-den başk : except for
Sınıf, iki istekli öğrenciden başka (iki öğrenciyi saymazsak) boştu.
The classroom was empty except for two eager students.

diğer (başka) bir deyişle: in other words, to put it differently
Evde yemek yapacak kimse yok. Başka bir deyişle, ben yemek yapmak
zorunda kalacağim.
There is nobody to cook at home. In other words, I will have to cook.

doğal olarak: naturally
Bu bölgedeki bazı göller kurudu. Bu yizden, doğal olarak bazı kuşlar ülkenin değişik yörelerine göç edecekler.
Some lakes dried up in this area. Some birds naturally will migrate to
different parts of the country.

-e nazaran : in comparison to (with), compared to (with)
Erkek çocuklar kızlar-a (kız*la*ra) nazaran matematik-te daha iyidirler.
Boys are better at mathematics compared to girls.

4
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS

en nihayet : after all
esasen: in fact, as a matter of fact
fakat: but, yet, however
Bütün yıl çalıştı fakat bir araba satın almak için yeterince para biriktiremedi.
He worked hard all the year long, but he could not save enough money to
buy a car.

farzet ki, diyelim ki : supposing
Diyelim ki işsizim, benimle evlenir miydin?
Supposing I was unemployed, would you marry me?

garip belki ama : strange to say, strangely enough
Garip belki ama peri onu kurbağaya dönüştürdü.
Strange to say, the fairy changed him into a frog.

genel anlamda : generally speaking
genel hatları (çizgileri) ile : in general terms
genellikle: as a rule, on the whole, generally
gösterildiği gibi: as has been indicated, as has been noted
halbuki, oysa, ne var ki : whereas, but, however
Ben oturup kitap okumayı severim; oysa eşim seyahat etmeyi yeğler.
I like sitting and reading books; whereas, my wife prefers traveling.

hariç: excluding, except for, apart from
hatta, üstelik : even, moreover, besides, even more, furthermore
Kızım beş yıl önce evlendi; hatta (üstelik) iki oğlu bile var.
My daughter got married five years ago; besides, she has two sons.

hem … hem (de): both …. and
Hem kadınlar hem erkekler ailelerini geçindirmek için çalışmalıdır.
Both men and women must work to support their families.
Hem Ahmet hem Mehmet aynı bürada çalışıyorlar.
Both Ahmet and Mehmet work in the same office.

5
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS

Her şey göz önüne alındığı takdirde : all things considered
ile (le, la): and
Ahmet’le Mehmet aynı bürada çalışıyorlar.
Ahmet and Mehmet work in the same office.

ilk önce : to begin with, first of all
kâh … kâh : sometimes … sometimes
Kâh güleriz, kâh ağlarız acıklı kaderimize.
Sometimes we laugh, sometimes we cry for our miserable faith.

ki: that
Korkarım (ki) pastanı kedi yedi.
I’m afraid (that) the cat has eaten up your cake.
İnanırım (ki) haklısın.
I believe (that) you are right.

kısaca : in short, in brief, briefly
madem (ki): since, seeing that, considering that, as
Madem (ki) çok çalıştın, sınavı geçebilirsin.
Seeing that you have studied hard, you can pass the exam.

meğer: it seems that, apparently, to my surprise
Meğer evliymiş.
It seemed that he was married.

meselâ, örneğin: for example, for instance
Bazı hayvanlar insanlara sadıktır; örneğin, köpeklerle kediler.
Some animals are loyal to human beings; for example cats and dogs.

ne... ne (de): neither …. nor
Ne sen, ne ben Çince anlıyoruz
Neither you nor I understand Chinese.
Mutfakta ne domates ne soğan var.
There are neither tomatoes nor onions in the kitchen.
Onu ne gördüm, ne de onunla konuştum.
I have neither seen nor talked to him.

6
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS

neyse: anyway, in any case, at any rate
Neyse, biz çalışmaya devam edelim.
Anyway, let’s go on working.

o kadar … ki: so + adj (adv) + that
Bu günlerde fiyatlar o kadar yüksek ki, kimse bir şey satın almak istemiyor. Nowadays the prices are so high that nobody wants to buy anything.

olsun … olsun: whether … or
Zengin olsun fakir olsun herkes kanuna uymak zorundadır.
Whether rich or poor everybody has to obey laws.

oysa: but, yet, however, whereas
Herşeyden bıktığını söylüyorsun. Oysa, ben inanıyorum ki sen bütün
güçlüklerin üstesinden gelebilirsin.
You say you are tired of everything, but I believe, you can overcome all difficulties.

örneğin: for example, for instance
öte yandan: on the other hand
öyle bile olsa : even so
öyleyse: in that case, if so, then
Uykulu hissettiğini söylüyorsun. Öyleyse, git bir fincan kahve iç.
You say you are feeling sleepy. If so, go and have a cup of coffee.

özellikle, bilhassa: in particular, particularly
özetliyecek olursak: to sum up
sanki: as if
Habire bana emir verip duruyor; sanki benim patronum!
He is always ordering me around as if he were my boss.

sonra: then
Eve geldi, sonra mutfağa daldı ve yemek hazırlamaya başladı.
She came home, then hurried into the kitchen, and started preparing dinner.

sonuç olarak: as a result, as a consequence

7
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS

sonuçta: in conclusion
üstelik : furthermore, in addition, what is more, even, besides,
moreover
En kolay problemleri bile çözemiyor; üstelik kendini bir dâhî sanıyor.
He can’t solve even the simplest problems, besides he thinks he is a genius.

şüphesiz ki: undoubtedly
tam aksine: in contrast
tam tersine: on the contrary
tüm bunlara rağmen: for all that
tümüyle: on the whole
ve: and
velhasıl: after all, in conclusion
ve saire: etc.
veya: or
ya … ya (da): either… or
Ya beni dinle, ya da sınıfı terket.
Either listen to me, or leave the classroom.

yalnız: but, however, only
Seni affediyorum. Yalnız, bana bir daha yalan söylemeyeceğine söz
ver.
I will forgive you now, but promise me you will not tell any lies any more.

yani: that is why, I mean, in other words, that is to say
Hastaymış gibi rol yapıyor; yani, okula gitmek istemiyor.
He pretends as if he were ill; that is to say, he does not want to go to school.

yeter ki: provided that, providing
Sana bir bisiklet alacağım; yeter ki sen sınavlarını geç.
I will buy a bicycle for you, provided that you pass your examinations.

yoksa: otherwise, or else, if not, or

8
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS
Koş, yoksa otobüsü kaçıracağız.
Run, or else we will miss the bus.

zaten: anyway, in any case

INTENSIFIERS
Intensifiers are the adverbs that are used before adjectives or adverbs to
strengthen or weaken their meanings. Besides these words, there are
some prefixes, which are the only ones in Turkish that are attached to
adjectives, nouns, and adverbs to strengthen their meanings:
Süt çok sıcak.
(süt / çok / sı*cak ↷)
The milk is very hot.
Sorular biraz güçtü.
(so*ru*lar / bi*raz / güç*tü ↷)
The questions were rather difficult.
Sen tamamen haklısın.
(sen / ta*ma:*men / hak*lı*sın ↷)
You are quite right.
Bazı kelebekler son derece güzeldir.
(ba:*zı / ke*le*bek*ler / son / de*re*ce / gü*zel*dir ↷)
Some butterflies are extremely beautiful.
Öğrenciler sorulara çok dikkatli cevap verdiler.
(öğ*ren*ci*ler / so*ru*la*ra / çok / dik*kat*li / ce*vap / ver*di*ler ↷)
The students answered the questions very carefully.
Ev oldukça iyi.
(ev / ol*duk*ça / i*yi ↷)
The house is pretty good.
Cevapların hepsi tamamen yanlış.
(ce*vap*la*rın / hep*si / ta*ma:*men / yan*lış ↷)
All the answers are completely wrong.
Burada sigara içmek kesinlikle yasaktır.
(bu*ra*da / si*ga*ra / iç*mek~ / ke*sin*lik*le / ya*sak*tır ↷)
Smoking here is strictly forbidden.
O ciddi bir şekilde hasta.
(o / cid*di: / bir / şe*kil*de / has*ta ↷)
He is seriously ill.

9
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS
İyi bir iş bulmak onun için yaşamsal derecede önemliydi.
(i*yi / bir / iş / bul*mak ~/ o*nun / i*çin / ya*şam*sal / de*re*ce*de / ö*nem*liy*di ↷)
To find a good job was vitally important for him.
Yabancı bir dil öğrenmek fevkalâde zordur.
(ya*ban*cı / bir / dil / öğ*ren*mek~ / fev*ka*lâ:*de / zor*dur ↷)
Learning a foreign language is extremely difficult.
Arabası yepyeniydi.
(a*ra*ba*sı / yep*ye*niy*di ↷)
His car was brand new.
Hava buz gibi soğuktu.
(ha*va / buz / gi*bi / so*ğuk*tu ↷)
It was icy cold.
Çok fena başım ağrıyordu.
(çok / fe*na: / ba*şım / ağ*rı*yor*du ↷)
I had an awful headache.
Uyandığımda her yer günlük güneşlikti.
(u*yan*dı*ğım*da / her / yer / gün*lük / gü*neş*lik*ti ↷)
When I woke up, it was broad daylight.
Annem bana gıcır gıcır bir elli dolar verdi.
(an*nem / ba*na / gı*cır / gı*cır / bir / el*li / do*lar / ver*di ↷)
Mother gave me a crisp new fifty-dollar bill.
Sorular sürpriz bir şekilde kolaydı.
(so*ru*lar / sürp*riz / bir / şe*kil*de / ko*lay*dı ↷)
The questions were surprisingly easy.
O beni oldukça düzenli ziyaret eder.
(be*ni / ol*duk*ça / dü*zen*li / zi*ya:*ret / e*der ↷)
He visits me quite regularly.
Konser gerçekten iyiydi.
(kon*ser / ger*çek*ten / i*yiy*di ↷)
The concert was really good.
Bazı diller diğerleriyle karşılaştırıldığında nispeten daha karmaşıktır.
Some languages are relatively complicated when compared with others.

10
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS
Bugün biraz yorgunum.
(bu / gün / bi*raz / yor*gu*num ↷)
I'm a little tired today.
Tamamen haklısın.
(ta*ma:*men / hak*lı*sın ↷)
You're absolutely (quite) right.
Fena halde yorgunum.
(fe*na: / hal*de / yor*gu*num ↷)
I'm awfully tired.
Bizim sorularımız sizin sorularınızdan çok daha güçtü.
(bi*zim / so*ru*la*rı*mız / si*zin / so*ru*la*rı*nız*dan / çok / da*ha / güç*tü ↷)
Our questions were far more difficult than yours.
Bugün gerçekten yorgunum.
(bu*gün / ger*çek*ten / yor*gu*num ↷)
I am really tired today.
Sana deli gibi aşığım.
(sa*na / de*li / gi*bi / a:*şı*ğım ↷)
I am madly in love with you.
Kışın bu dağa tırmanmak fevkalâde tehlikelidir.
(kı*şın / bu / da*ğa / tır*man*mak / fev*ka*lâ:*de / zor*dur ↷)
Climbing this mountain in winter is extremely dangerous.
Oldukça az öğrenci sınavı geçti.
(ol*duk*ça / az / öğ*ren*ci / sı*na*vı / geç*ti ↷)
Quite a few students passed the exam.
Zerre kadar ilgilenmiyorum.
(zer*re / ka*dar / il*gi*len*mi*yo*rum ↷)
I am not interested in the least.
Araba tertemizdi.
(a*ra*ba / ter*te*miz*di ↷)
The car was spotlessly clean.
Dosdoğru yürü.
(dos*doğ*ru / yü*rü ↷)
Walk straight ahead.

11
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS
Yaşlı adamın bembeyaz sakalı vardı.
(yaş*lı / a*da*mın / bem*be*yaz / sa*ka*lı / var*dı ↷)
The old man had snow white beard.
Mary’nin masmavi gözleri var.
(me*ri*nin / mas*ma*vi / göz*le*ri / var ↷)
Mary has deep blue eyes.
Ev tamtakırdı.
(ev / tam*ta*kır*dı ↷)
The house was absolutely empty.
Onun evinde sımsıcak bir odası vardı.
(o*nun / e*vin*de / sım*sı*cak / bir / o*da*sı / var*dı ↷)
She had a cozy room in her house.
Sorun apaçık.
(so*run / a*pa*çık ↷)
The problem is obvious. (beyond dispute, clear)
Sebzeler taptazeydi.
(seb*ze*ler / tap*ta*zey*di ↷)
The vegetables were as fresh as daisies.
Korkudan kaskatı kesildiler.
(kor*ku*dan / kas*ka*tı / ke*sil*di*ler ↷)
They became rigid with fear.
Işıklar sönünce her yer kapkaranlık oldu.
(ı*şık*lar / sö*nün*ce / her*yer / kap*ka*ran*lık / ol*du ↷)
Everywhere became pitch dark when the lights went off.
Sen beni hiçe sayıyorsun.
(sen / be*ni / hi*çe / sa*yı*yor*sun ↷)
You simply ignore me.
Bunlar apayrı kavramlar.
(bun*lar / a*pay*rı / kav*ram*lar ↷)
These are quite different concepts.
Oda karmakarışıktı.
(o*da / kar*ma*ka*rı*şık*tı ↷)
The room was in a mess.

12
CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS
Kuraklıkta tarlalar kupkuruydu.
(ku*rak*lık*ta / tar*la*lar / kup*ku*ruy*du ↷)
During the draft (draught) the fields were as dry as a bone.
Onların amacı besbelliydi.
(on*la*rın / a*ma*cı / bes*bel*liy*di ↷)
Their aim was obvious.
Küçük kız yapayalnızdı.
(kü*çük / kız / ya*pa*yal*nız*dı ↷)
The little girl was all alone.
Senin güzel vazon paramparça oldu.
(se*nin / gü*zel / va*zon / pa*ram*par*ça / ol*du ↷)
Your beautiful vase has been broken to pieces.
Otobüs tıklım tıklım doluydu.
(o*to*büs / tık*lım / tık*lım / do*luy*du ↷)
The bus was overcrowded.
Gözleri masmaviydi.
(göz*le*ri / mas*ma*viy*di ↷)
Her eyes were deep blue.

Note: This document is a section of my book titled "TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION YUKSEL GOKNEL SEPTEMBER
2013". If you wish to download and read this book free, you could
find it on the internet. Yüksel Göknel

13

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  • 2. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS CONJUNCTIONS AND TRANSITIONAL PHRASES Conjunctions are the words that join sentences, clauses or words. There are two kinds of conjunctions in English: Coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. The coordinating conjunctions are words like "and", "but", "or", "for" or "yet". The subordinating conjunctions, however, are the words that are used preceding simple sentences to form syntactic adverbs (adverb clauses) in English, such as, "although", "until", "before", "after", "while", "when", etc., all of which have been explained in the previous chapters. Transitional words and phrases, however, link sentences and paragraphs by carrying over a thought coherently from one sentence or paragraph to another. Some of the most frequently used Turkish coordinating conjunctions and transitional adverbials and phrases are as follows: açıkçası: in plain words, in short, frankly speaking Başının ağrıdığını ve evde bir sürü yapacak işi olduğunu söylüyor. Açıkçası, bizimle gezmeye gitmek istemiyor. She says she has a headache and has so many things to do at home. In plain words, she does not want to go for a walk with us. aksi takdirde, (yoksa): otherwise Şu televizyonu kapat. Aksi takdirde (aksi halde) (yoksa), ne yapacağımı biliyorsun. Turn the TV off; otherwise (if not) you know what I’ll do. aksine, bilakis: on the contrary Ben televizyonda futbol seyretmeyi seviyorum. Aksine, öğlum maç seyretmekten nefret ediyor. I like watching football on television. On the contrary, my son hates watching football matches. ama: but, yet, still, really, truly Akıllıdır ama biraz tembeldir. She is clever, but rather lazy. ancak: but, however, yet Çok güzel bir kız, ancak başarılı değil. She is a beautiful girl; yet, she is not successful. 2
  • 3. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS Jack Mary’e aşık. Ancak, Mary Jack’e aşık değil. Jack is in love with Mary. However, Mary is not in love with him. aslında : in fact Mary ev işini kendisinin yaptığını söyüyor. Ama aslında, işin çoğunu kocası yapıyor. Mary says that she does the housework herself. In fact, her husband does most of the housework. aynı biçimde : likewise Öteki sorulara aynı şekilde (biçimde) cevap verebilirsin. You can answer the other questions likewise. başka bir deyişle: in other words, bilhassa: in particular, particularly, specifically, above all bir yandan: on the one hand bu amaçla: for this purpose bu doğrultuda: accordingly Öğretmen öğrencilere sessiz olmalarını söyledi, ve onlar da bu doğrultuda davrandılar. The teacher told the students to be quiet, and the students acted accordingly. bu durumda, öyleyse: in that case Sabahleyin sana ev ödevinde yardım etmemi istiyorsun. Öyleyse yarın sabah daha erken kalk. You want me to help you with your homework in the morning. In that case, get up earlier tomorrow morning. bu sırada, bu arada: meanwhile Sen mutfakta yemek yapmaya devam et. Bu arada ben de oturma odasında biraz kestireyim. You go on cooking in the kitchen. Meanwhile let me have a nap in the sitting room. bunun için: because of this, for this reason, therefore Onun çok kez yalan söyledigini duydum. Bunun için ona artık inanmıyorum. I have heard him tell lies so many times; for this reason, I don’t believe him anymore. 3
  • 4. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS bunun yerine : instead Adam bana cevap vermedi. Bunun yerine salakmışım gibi yüzüme baktı durdu. The man did not answer; instead, he stared at me as if I were a fool. bu yüzden: therefore, for that reason, so, that is why Hindistan’a hiç gitmedim; bu yüzden sana akıl veremem. I have never been to India; therefore, I cannot advise you. Yürüyüşe çıkmak için sokağa çıktığımda yağmur yağmaya başladı. Bu yüzden, ben de sinemaya gitmeye karar verdim. When I left home to go for a walk, it began to rain, so I decided to go to the cinema. bu şartlar altında: under these circumstances (conditions) Bu şartlar altında artık sizinle çalışamam. I can't work with you any more under these conditions. çünkü : because Televizyonu kapatsan iyi olur, çünkü işime devam edemiyorum. You had better turn off the TV because I can’t go on with my work. -den başk : except for Sınıf, iki istekli öğrenciden başka (iki öğrenciyi saymazsak) boştu. The classroom was empty except for two eager students. diğer (başka) bir deyişle: in other words, to put it differently Evde yemek yapacak kimse yok. Başka bir deyişle, ben yemek yapmak zorunda kalacağim. There is nobody to cook at home. In other words, I will have to cook. doğal olarak: naturally Bu bölgedeki bazı göller kurudu. Bu yizden, doğal olarak bazı kuşlar ülkenin değişik yörelerine göç edecekler. Some lakes dried up in this area. Some birds naturally will migrate to different parts of the country. -e nazaran : in comparison to (with), compared to (with) Erkek çocuklar kızlar-a (kız*la*ra) nazaran matematik-te daha iyidirler. Boys are better at mathematics compared to girls. 4
  • 5. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS en nihayet : after all esasen: in fact, as a matter of fact fakat: but, yet, however Bütün yıl çalıştı fakat bir araba satın almak için yeterince para biriktiremedi. He worked hard all the year long, but he could not save enough money to buy a car. farzet ki, diyelim ki : supposing Diyelim ki işsizim, benimle evlenir miydin? Supposing I was unemployed, would you marry me? garip belki ama : strange to say, strangely enough Garip belki ama peri onu kurbağaya dönüştürdü. Strange to say, the fairy changed him into a frog. genel anlamda : generally speaking genel hatları (çizgileri) ile : in general terms genellikle: as a rule, on the whole, generally gösterildiği gibi: as has been indicated, as has been noted halbuki, oysa, ne var ki : whereas, but, however Ben oturup kitap okumayı severim; oysa eşim seyahat etmeyi yeğler. I like sitting and reading books; whereas, my wife prefers traveling. hariç: excluding, except for, apart from hatta, üstelik : even, moreover, besides, even more, furthermore Kızım beş yıl önce evlendi; hatta (üstelik) iki oğlu bile var. My daughter got married five years ago; besides, she has two sons. hem … hem (de): both …. and Hem kadınlar hem erkekler ailelerini geçindirmek için çalışmalıdır. Both men and women must work to support their families. Hem Ahmet hem Mehmet aynı bürada çalışıyorlar. Both Ahmet and Mehmet work in the same office. 5
  • 6. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS Her şey göz önüne alındığı takdirde : all things considered ile (le, la): and Ahmet’le Mehmet aynı bürada çalışıyorlar. Ahmet and Mehmet work in the same office. ilk önce : to begin with, first of all kâh … kâh : sometimes … sometimes Kâh güleriz, kâh ağlarız acıklı kaderimize. Sometimes we laugh, sometimes we cry for our miserable faith. ki: that Korkarım (ki) pastanı kedi yedi. I’m afraid (that) the cat has eaten up your cake. İnanırım (ki) haklısın. I believe (that) you are right. kısaca : in short, in brief, briefly madem (ki): since, seeing that, considering that, as Madem (ki) çok çalıştın, sınavı geçebilirsin. Seeing that you have studied hard, you can pass the exam. meğer: it seems that, apparently, to my surprise Meğer evliymiş. It seemed that he was married. meselâ, örneğin: for example, for instance Bazı hayvanlar insanlara sadıktır; örneğin, köpeklerle kediler. Some animals are loyal to human beings; for example cats and dogs. ne... ne (de): neither …. nor Ne sen, ne ben Çince anlıyoruz Neither you nor I understand Chinese. Mutfakta ne domates ne soğan var. There are neither tomatoes nor onions in the kitchen. Onu ne gördüm, ne de onunla konuştum. I have neither seen nor talked to him. 6
  • 7. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS neyse: anyway, in any case, at any rate Neyse, biz çalışmaya devam edelim. Anyway, let’s go on working. o kadar … ki: so + adj (adv) + that Bu günlerde fiyatlar o kadar yüksek ki, kimse bir şey satın almak istemiyor. Nowadays the prices are so high that nobody wants to buy anything. olsun … olsun: whether … or Zengin olsun fakir olsun herkes kanuna uymak zorundadır. Whether rich or poor everybody has to obey laws. oysa: but, yet, however, whereas Herşeyden bıktığını söylüyorsun. Oysa, ben inanıyorum ki sen bütün güçlüklerin üstesinden gelebilirsin. You say you are tired of everything, but I believe, you can overcome all difficulties. örneğin: for example, for instance öte yandan: on the other hand öyle bile olsa : even so öyleyse: in that case, if so, then Uykulu hissettiğini söylüyorsun. Öyleyse, git bir fincan kahve iç. You say you are feeling sleepy. If so, go and have a cup of coffee. özellikle, bilhassa: in particular, particularly özetliyecek olursak: to sum up sanki: as if Habire bana emir verip duruyor; sanki benim patronum! He is always ordering me around as if he were my boss. sonra: then Eve geldi, sonra mutfağa daldı ve yemek hazırlamaya başladı. She came home, then hurried into the kitchen, and started preparing dinner. sonuç olarak: as a result, as a consequence 7
  • 8. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS sonuçta: in conclusion üstelik : furthermore, in addition, what is more, even, besides, moreover En kolay problemleri bile çözemiyor; üstelik kendini bir dâhî sanıyor. He can’t solve even the simplest problems, besides he thinks he is a genius. şüphesiz ki: undoubtedly tam aksine: in contrast tam tersine: on the contrary tüm bunlara rağmen: for all that tümüyle: on the whole ve: and velhasıl: after all, in conclusion ve saire: etc. veya: or ya … ya (da): either… or Ya beni dinle, ya da sınıfı terket. Either listen to me, or leave the classroom. yalnız: but, however, only Seni affediyorum. Yalnız, bana bir daha yalan söylemeyeceğine söz ver. I will forgive you now, but promise me you will not tell any lies any more. yani: that is why, I mean, in other words, that is to say Hastaymış gibi rol yapıyor; yani, okula gitmek istemiyor. He pretends as if he were ill; that is to say, he does not want to go to school. yeter ki: provided that, providing Sana bir bisiklet alacağım; yeter ki sen sınavlarını geç. I will buy a bicycle for you, provided that you pass your examinations. yoksa: otherwise, or else, if not, or 8
  • 9. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS Koş, yoksa otobüsü kaçıracağız. Run, or else we will miss the bus. zaten: anyway, in any case INTENSIFIERS Intensifiers are the adverbs that are used before adjectives or adverbs to strengthen or weaken their meanings. Besides these words, there are some prefixes, which are the only ones in Turkish that are attached to adjectives, nouns, and adverbs to strengthen their meanings: Süt çok sıcak. (süt / çok / sı*cak ↷) The milk is very hot. Sorular biraz güçtü. (so*ru*lar / bi*raz / güç*tü ↷) The questions were rather difficult. Sen tamamen haklısın. (sen / ta*ma:*men / hak*lı*sın ↷) You are quite right. Bazı kelebekler son derece güzeldir. (ba:*zı / ke*le*bek*ler / son / de*re*ce / gü*zel*dir ↷) Some butterflies are extremely beautiful. Öğrenciler sorulara çok dikkatli cevap verdiler. (öğ*ren*ci*ler / so*ru*la*ra / çok / dik*kat*li / ce*vap / ver*di*ler ↷) The students answered the questions very carefully. Ev oldukça iyi. (ev / ol*duk*ça / i*yi ↷) The house is pretty good. Cevapların hepsi tamamen yanlış. (ce*vap*la*rın / hep*si / ta*ma:*men / yan*lış ↷) All the answers are completely wrong. Burada sigara içmek kesinlikle yasaktır. (bu*ra*da / si*ga*ra / iç*mek~ / ke*sin*lik*le / ya*sak*tır ↷) Smoking here is strictly forbidden. O ciddi bir şekilde hasta. (o / cid*di: / bir / şe*kil*de / has*ta ↷) He is seriously ill. 9
  • 10. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS İyi bir iş bulmak onun için yaşamsal derecede önemliydi. (i*yi / bir / iş / bul*mak ~/ o*nun / i*çin / ya*şam*sal / de*re*ce*de / ö*nem*liy*di ↷) To find a good job was vitally important for him. Yabancı bir dil öğrenmek fevkalâde zordur. (ya*ban*cı / bir / dil / öğ*ren*mek~ / fev*ka*lâ:*de / zor*dur ↷) Learning a foreign language is extremely difficult. Arabası yepyeniydi. (a*ra*ba*sı / yep*ye*niy*di ↷) His car was brand new. Hava buz gibi soğuktu. (ha*va / buz / gi*bi / so*ğuk*tu ↷) It was icy cold. Çok fena başım ağrıyordu. (çok / fe*na: / ba*şım / ağ*rı*yor*du ↷) I had an awful headache. Uyandığımda her yer günlük güneşlikti. (u*yan*dı*ğım*da / her / yer / gün*lük / gü*neş*lik*ti ↷) When I woke up, it was broad daylight. Annem bana gıcır gıcır bir elli dolar verdi. (an*nem / ba*na / gı*cır / gı*cır / bir / el*li / do*lar / ver*di ↷) Mother gave me a crisp new fifty-dollar bill. Sorular sürpriz bir şekilde kolaydı. (so*ru*lar / sürp*riz / bir / şe*kil*de / ko*lay*dı ↷) The questions were surprisingly easy. O beni oldukça düzenli ziyaret eder. (be*ni / ol*duk*ça / dü*zen*li / zi*ya:*ret / e*der ↷) He visits me quite regularly. Konser gerçekten iyiydi. (kon*ser / ger*çek*ten / i*yiy*di ↷) The concert was really good. Bazı diller diğerleriyle karşılaştırıldığında nispeten daha karmaşıktır. Some languages are relatively complicated when compared with others. 10
  • 11. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS Bugün biraz yorgunum. (bu / gün / bi*raz / yor*gu*num ↷) I'm a little tired today. Tamamen haklısın. (ta*ma:*men / hak*lı*sın ↷) You're absolutely (quite) right. Fena halde yorgunum. (fe*na: / hal*de / yor*gu*num ↷) I'm awfully tired. Bizim sorularımız sizin sorularınızdan çok daha güçtü. (bi*zim / so*ru*la*rı*mız / si*zin / so*ru*la*rı*nız*dan / çok / da*ha / güç*tü ↷) Our questions were far more difficult than yours. Bugün gerçekten yorgunum. (bu*gün / ger*çek*ten / yor*gu*num ↷) I am really tired today. Sana deli gibi aşığım. (sa*na / de*li / gi*bi / a:*şı*ğım ↷) I am madly in love with you. Kışın bu dağa tırmanmak fevkalâde tehlikelidir. (kı*şın / bu / da*ğa / tır*man*mak / fev*ka*lâ:*de / zor*dur ↷) Climbing this mountain in winter is extremely dangerous. Oldukça az öğrenci sınavı geçti. (ol*duk*ça / az / öğ*ren*ci / sı*na*vı / geç*ti ↷) Quite a few students passed the exam. Zerre kadar ilgilenmiyorum. (zer*re / ka*dar / il*gi*len*mi*yo*rum ↷) I am not interested in the least. Araba tertemizdi. (a*ra*ba / ter*te*miz*di ↷) The car was spotlessly clean. Dosdoğru yürü. (dos*doğ*ru / yü*rü ↷) Walk straight ahead. 11
  • 12. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS Yaşlı adamın bembeyaz sakalı vardı. (yaş*lı / a*da*mın / bem*be*yaz / sa*ka*lı / var*dı ↷) The old man had snow white beard. Mary’nin masmavi gözleri var. (me*ri*nin / mas*ma*vi / göz*le*ri / var ↷) Mary has deep blue eyes. Ev tamtakırdı. (ev / tam*ta*kır*dı ↷) The house was absolutely empty. Onun evinde sımsıcak bir odası vardı. (o*nun / e*vin*de / sım*sı*cak / bir / o*da*sı / var*dı ↷) She had a cozy room in her house. Sorun apaçık. (so*run / a*pa*çık ↷) The problem is obvious. (beyond dispute, clear) Sebzeler taptazeydi. (seb*ze*ler / tap*ta*zey*di ↷) The vegetables were as fresh as daisies. Korkudan kaskatı kesildiler. (kor*ku*dan / kas*ka*tı / ke*sil*di*ler ↷) They became rigid with fear. Işıklar sönünce her yer kapkaranlık oldu. (ı*şık*lar / sö*nün*ce / her*yer / kap*ka*ran*lık / ol*du ↷) Everywhere became pitch dark when the lights went off. Sen beni hiçe sayıyorsun. (sen / be*ni / hi*çe / sa*yı*yor*sun ↷) You simply ignore me. Bunlar apayrı kavramlar. (bun*lar / a*pay*rı / kav*ram*lar ↷) These are quite different concepts. Oda karmakarışıktı. (o*da / kar*ma*ka*rı*şık*tı ↷) The room was in a mess. 12
  • 13. CONJUNCTIONS, TRANSITIONAL PHRASES AND INTENSIFIERS Kuraklıkta tarlalar kupkuruydu. (ku*rak*lık*ta / tar*la*lar / kup*ku*ruy*du ↷) During the draft (draught) the fields were as dry as a bone. Onların amacı besbelliydi. (on*la*rın / a*ma*cı / bes*bel*liy*di ↷) Their aim was obvious. Küçük kız yapayalnızdı. (kü*çük / kız / ya*pa*yal*nız*dı ↷) The little girl was all alone. Senin güzel vazon paramparça oldu. (se*nin / gü*zel / va*zon / pa*ram*par*ça / ol*du ↷) Your beautiful vase has been broken to pieces. Otobüs tıklım tıklım doluydu. (o*to*büs / tık*lım / tık*lım / do*luy*du ↷) The bus was overcrowded. Gözleri masmaviydi. (göz*le*ri / mas*ma*viy*di ↷) Her eyes were deep blue. Note: This document is a section of my book titled "TURKISH GRAMMAR UPDATED ACADEMIC EDITION YUKSEL GOKNEL SEPTEMBER 2013". If you wish to download and read this book free, you could find it on the internet. Yüksel Göknel 13