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2016
HOW ENGLISH
AND
TURKISH
SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS
TURN INTO OBJECTS
IN
REPORTED SPEECH
Yüksel Göknel
Y G O K N E L @ O U T L O O K . C O M
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
2
When English subject complements turn into objects, they become noun
clauses, but when Turkish subject complements turn into objects, they
become noun phrases. This kind of transformation is clearly seen when
subject complements are used in reported speech.
Simple present positive:
Haklı-sın. Haklı olduğumu söylüyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
You are right. He says that I am right.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
İstanbul-da-/y/ız. İstanbulda olduklarını söylüyorlar.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
We are in İstanbul. They say that they are in İstanbul.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Ev-de-sin. Evde olduğumu söylüyor.
(subj compl) noun phrase (object) verb
You are at home. He says that I am at home
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Simple present negative:
To change the positive linking verbs into negative forms, the negative
making adverb “değil” is used after a subject complement, such as:
Mutlu değil-im. Mutlu olmadığını söylüyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
I am not happy. He says that he is not happy.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Yakışıklı değil-sin. Yakışıklı olmadığımı söylüyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
You are not handsome. He says that I am not handsome.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
İstekli değil. Onun istekli olmadığını söylüyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
He is not willing. He says that he is not willing.
(subj complement) nun clause (object)
Öfkeli değil-iz. Öfkeli olmadıklarını söylüyorlar.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
We are not angry. They say that they are not angry.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
İstekli değil-siniz. İstekli olmadığımızı söylüyor.
(subj complement noun phrase (object) verb
You are not willing. He says that we are not willing.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Ev-de değil-ler. Onların evde olmadıklarını söylüyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
They are not at home. He says that they are not at home.
(subject complement) noun clause (object)
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
3
Simple present positive question:
To turn the positive linking verbs into the positive question forms, the [mi,
mı] interrogative allomorphs are attached to the personal subject allo-
morphs separately.
Deli mi-/y/im? Deli olup olmadığını soruyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Am I crazy? He asks if he is crazy or not.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Ev-de mi-sin? Evde olup olmadığımı soruyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Are you at home? He asks if I am at home or not.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Fatma-/n/ın göz-ler-i mavi mi? Fatmanın gözlerinin mavi olup olmadığını soruyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Are Fatma’s eyes blue? He asks if fatma’s eyes are blue.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Dikkatsiz mi-/y/iz? Dikkatsiz olup olmadıklarını soruyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Are we careless? He asks if they are careless or not.
(subj complement) noun clause (object))
Hazır mı-sınız? Hazır olup olmadığımızı soruyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Are you ready? He asks if we are ready.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
İyi-ler mi? Onların iyi olup olmdıklarını soruyor.
(subj compl) noun phrase (object) verb
Are they all right? He asks if they are all right.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Simple present negative question:
To turn a positive linking verb form into a negative linking verb form, the
negative making adverb “değil” is used after the subject complement:
Çalışkan değil mi-/y/im? Çalışkan olup olmadığını soruyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Am I not hardworking? He asks if he is not hardworking.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Sorumlu değil mi-siniz? Sorumlu olup olmadığımızı soruyor.
(subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Aren’t you responsible? He asks if we are not responsible.
(subject complement) noun clause (object)
Anne-en ev-de değil mi? Annemin evde olup olmadığını soruyor.
(subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Isn’t your mother at home? He asks if my mother is not at home.
(subject complement) noun clause (object)
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
4
İsteksiz degil-ler mi? İsteksiz olup olmadıklarını soruyor.
(subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Aren’t they unwilling? He asks if they are not unwilling.
(subject complement) noun clause (object)
Güzel değil mi-/y/im? Güzel olup olmadığını soruyor.
(subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Am I not beautiful? She asks if she is not beautiful.
(subject complement) noun clause (object)
Question words used with linking verbs:
Nere-de-siniz? Nerede olduğumuzu soruyor.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Where are you? He asks where we are.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Niçin hazır değil-sin? Niçin hazır olmadığımı soruyor.
(subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb
Why aren’t you ready? He asks why I am not ready.
(subject complement) noun clause (object)
SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Simple past tense allomorphs of the linking verbs are [di, dı, dü, du, ti, tı,
tü, tu], which are attached to the subject allomorphs below:
(ben) [im, ım, üm, um], (sen) [in, ın, ün, un], (o) [∅], (biz) [ik, ık, ük, uk],
(siz) [iniz, ınız, ünüz, unuz], (onlar) [ler, lar]
Positive:
Ev-de/y/-di-im. Evde olduğunu söyledi.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
I was at home. He said that he was at home.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
.
Mutlu/y/-du-uk. Mutlu olduklarını söylediler.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
We were happy. They said that they were happy.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Sarhoş-tu-lar. Sarhoş olduklarını söyledi.
(subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb
They were drunk. He said that they were drunk.
(subj complement) noun clause (object)
Kapı-/n/ın önü/n/-de/y/-di-im. Kapının önünde olduğunu söyledi.
(subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb
I was in front of the door. He said that he was in front of the door.
(subject complement) noun clause (object)
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
5
Negative:
To turn a positive linking verb into a negative statement, the negative
making adverb “değil” is used after the subject complement, which is
attached to past time and personal subject allomorphs:
Yorgun değil-di-im. Yorgun olmadığını söyledi.
I was not tired. He said that he was not tired
Sorumlu değil-di-iniz. Sorumlu olmadığımızı söyledi.
You were not responsible. He said that we were not responsible.
Ev-de değil-ler-di. Evde olmadıklarını söyledi.
They were not at home. He said that they were not at home.
Meşgul değil-di-ik. Mesgul olmadıklarını söyledi.
We were not busy. He said that they were not busy.
Positive question:
To turn a positive linking verb into a positive question form, one of the [mi,
mı, mü, mu] question allomorphs is attached to time and personal
allomorphs separately:
Dün okul-da mı/y/-dı-ın? Dün okulda olup olmadığımı sordu.
Were you at school yesterday? He asked if I was at school yesterday.
Miting kalabalık mı/y/-dı? Mitingin kalabalık olup olmadığını öğrenmek istedi.
Was the meeting crowded? He asked if the meeting was crowded.
Yorgun mu/y/-du-unuz? Yorgun olup olmadığımızı sordu.
Were you tired? He asked if we were tired.
Negative question:
In negative question forms, the negative making adverb “değil” follows the
subject complement as they are in the following examples:
Dün okul-da değil mi/y/-di-in? Dün okulda olup olmadığımı sordu.
Were you not at school yesterday? He asked if I was not at school.
Masal ilginç değil mi/y/-di? Masalın ilginç olup olmadığını sordu.
Wasn’t the story interesting? He asked if the story was interesting.
Hazır değil mi/y/-di-iniz? Hazır olup olmadığımızı sordu.
Were’t you ready? He asked if we were not ready.
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
6
SIMPLE FUTURE
Positive:
Ev-de ol-acak-ım. Evde olacağını söyledi.
I will be at home. He said that he would be at home,
Hazır-ol-acak-sın. Hazır olacağımı söyledi.
You will be ready. He said that I would be ready.
.
Sarhoş-ol-acak-lar. Sarhoş olacaklarını söyledi.
They will be drunk. He said that they would be drunk.
Öğrenciler neşeli ol-acak-lar.
Öğrencilerin neşeli olacaklarını söyledi.
The students will be cheerful.
He said that the students would be cheerful.
Araba-am kapı-/n/ın ön-ü/n/-de ol-acak.
Arabasının kapının önünde olacağını söyledi.
My car will be in front of the door.
He said that his car would be in front of the door.
Negative:
Sorumlu olma-/y/acak-sınız. Sorumlu olmayacağımızı söyledi.
You will not be responsible. He said that we would not be responsible.
Ev-de olma-/y/acak-ız. Evde olmayacaklarını söyledi.
We will not be at home. He said that they would not be at home.
Meşgul olma-/y/acak-ız. Meşgul olmayacaklarını söyledi.
We we will not be busy. He said that they would not be busy.
Positive question:
Yarın tiyatro-da ol-acak mı-sın?
Ertesi gün tiyatroda olup olmayacağımı sordu.
Will you be at the theatre tomorrow?
He asked if I would be at the theatre the next day.
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
7
Yarın miting kalabalık ol-acak mı?
Ertesi gün mitingin kalabalık olup olmayacağını sordu.
Will the meeting be crowded?
He asked if the meeting would be crowded the following day..
Sorular zor ol-acak mı?
Soruların zor olup olmayacağını sordu.
Will the questions be difficult?
He asked if the questions would be difficult.
Negative question:
Yarın okul-da ol-ma-/y/acak mı-sın?
Ertesi gün okulda olup olmayacağımı sordu.
Will you not be at school tomorrow?
He asked me if I would not be at school the following day.
Hazır olma-/y/acak mı-sınız? Hazır olup olmayacağımızı sordu.
Will you not be ready? He asked if we would not be ready.
Meşgul ol-ma-/y/acak mı-sınız? Meşgul olup olmayacağımızı sordu.
Will you not be busy? He asked if we would not be busy.
Have been, has been, had been, will be
Kız kardeş-im on yıl-dır öğretmen.
Kız kardeşinin on yıldır öğretmen olduğunu söyledi.
My sister has been a teacher for ten years.
He said that her sister had been a teacher for ten years.
Hava üç gün-dür çok soğuk.
Havanın üç gündür soğuk oldduğundan şikayet etti.
It has been very cold for three days.
He complained that it had been been very cold for three days
Oğul-um yakında doctor ol-acak.
Oğlunun yakında doctor olacağını söyledi.
My son will be a doctor soon.
He said that his son would be a doctor soon.
MODALS
Present modals positive:
ol-[abil-ir]-[personal subject allomorph] = “can be” or “may be”
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
8
Turkish modal verbs are used followed by subject complements attached
by one of the subject allomorphs: (ben) [im], (sen) [sin], (o) [∅], (biz) [iz],
(siz) [siniz], (onlar) [ler]:
Yorgun ol-abil-ir-im. Yorgun olabileceğini söyledi.
I may be tired. He said that he might be tired.
Sorumlu ol-abil-ir-sin. Sorumlu olabileceğimi söylüyor.
You may be responsible. He says that I may be responsible.
Jack bahçe-de ol-abil-ir. Jack’in bahçede olabileceğini söyledi.
Jack may be in the garden. He said that Jack might be in the garden.
Meşgul ol-abil-ir-iz. Meşgul olabileceklerini söyledi.
We may be busy. He said that they might be busy.
İsteksiz ol-abil-ir-siniz. İsteksiz olabileceğimizi söyledi.
You may be unwilling. He said that we might be unwilling.
Turist ol-abil-ir-ler. Turist olabileceklerini söyledi.
They may be tourists. He said that they might be tourists.
Negative:
ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-[subject allomorph] = may not be
Ev-de ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-im. Evde olmayabileceğini söyledi.
I may not be at home. He said that he might not be at home.
Mutlu ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-sin. Mutlu olmayabileceğimi söyledi.
You may not be happy. He said that I might not be happy.
Ankara-da hava güneşli ol-ma-/y/abil-ir.
Ankara’da havanın güneşli olmayabileceğini söyledi.
The weather may not be sunny in Ankara.
He said that the weather might not be sunny in Ankara.
Okul-un ön-ü/n/-de ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-iz.
Okulun önünde olmayabileceklerini söyledi.
We may not be in front of the school.
He said that they might not be in front of the school.
Haklı ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-siniz. Haklı olmayabileceğimizi söyledi.
You may not be right. He said that we might not be right.
Hoşlan-mış ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-ler. Hoşlanmış olmayabileceklerini söyledi.
They may not be pleased. He said that they might not be pleased.
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
9
Positive question:
“Can” is used in question forms in English in place of “may”:
Başarılı ol-abil-ir mi-/y/im? Başarılı olup olamayacağını sordu.
Can I be successful? He asked if he could be successful.
Yarın bürom-da ol-abil-ir mi-sin?
Ertesi gün bürosunda olup olamayacağımı sordu.
Can you be in my office tomorrow?
He asked me if I could be in his office the following day.
Anne-en öfkeli ol-abil-ir mi?
Annemin öfkeli olup olamayacağını sordu.
Can your mother be angry?
He asked if my mother could be angry.
Birazdan hazır ol-abil-ir-ler mi?
Birazdan hazır olup olamacaklarını sordu.
Can they be ready soon?
He asked if they could be ready soon.
Negative question:
To turn the “ol-abil-r” modal form into negative, “ol-amaz” modal form is
used:
Haklı ol-amaz mı-/y/ım? Haklı olup olmadığını sordu.
Can’t I be right? He asked if he could not be right.
Dürüst ol-amaz mı-sın? Dürüst olup olamayacağımı sordu.
Can’t you be honest? He asked me if I could not be honest.
Jack futbol oynuyor ol-amaz mı?
Jackin futbol oynuyor olup olamayacağını sordu.
Can’t Jack be playing football?
He asked if Jack could not be playing football.
Suçsuz ol-amaz mı-/y/ız? Suçsuz olamazlar mı diye sordu.
Can’t we be innocent? He asked if they could not be innocent.
Dikkatli ol-amaz mı-sınız? Dikkatli olup olamayacağımızı sordu.
Can’t you be careful? He asked if we could be careful.
Sabırlı ol-amaz-lar mı? Sabırlı olup olamayacaklerını sordu.
Can’t they be patient? He asked if they could patient.
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
10
Ol-malı = must be
Positive:
To arrange a “must be” model form in Turkish, a “subject complement +
ol-malı-[subject allomorph]” verb phrase should be used, which expresses
either certainty or necessity or both. Here are some example sentences:
Hazır ol-malı-sın.
“Hazır olmamın gerekli olduğunu söyledi. Hazır olabileceğimi söyledi.
You must be ready. He said that I had to be ready or perhaps I was ready.
The Turkish and English sentences above are ambiguous because they may
both mean “have to” or “perhaps”.
O-/n/a inan-dık-ım için aptal ol-malı-/y/ım.
Ona inanmakla aptallık ettğimi söyledi.
I must be stupid to believe him.
He said that he must be stupid to believe him.
Sinirli ol-malı-sın. Bana sinirli olabileceğimi söyledi.
You must be nervous. He said that I must be nervous.
Baba-an dahi ol-malı. Babamın dahi olabileceğini söyledi.
Your father must be genius. He said that my father must be genius.
Dikkatli ol-malı-/y/ız. Dikkatli olmaları gerektiğini söyledi.
We must be careful. He said that they must be careful.
Cesur ol-malı-sınız. Cesur olmamız gerektiğini söyledi.
You must be brave. He said that he was sure we were brave; or he said
that we had to be brave.
Negative:
In the negative form, the negative making allomorph [me or ma] attaches to
the verb “ol”:
Sabırsız ol-ma-malı-/y/ım. Sabırsız olmaması gerektiğini söyledi.
I mustn’t be impatient. He said that he mustn’t be impatient.
Üzül-me-meli-sin. Üzülmemem gerektiğini söyledi.
You mustn’t be sorry. He said that I mustn’t be sorry.
Tertipsiz ol-ma-malı. Tertipsiz olmaması gerektiğini söyledi.
He mustn’t be untidy. He said that he mustn’t be untidy.
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
11
Dikkatsiz ol-ma-malı-/y/ız. Dikkatsiz olmamaları gerektiğini söyledi.
We mustn’t be careless. He said that they mustn’t be careless.
Kayıtsız ol-ma-malı-sınız. Kayıtsız olmamamız gerektiğini söyledi.
You mustn’t be indifferent. He said that we mustn’t be indifferent.
Geç kal-ma-malı-lar. Geç kalmamaları gerektiğini söyledi.
They mustn’t be late. He said that they mustn’t be late.
Positive question:
In question forms, the [mı] interrogative allomorph attaches to the subject
allomorphs, and they follow the [ol-malı] verb together as a separate word:
Hazır ol-malı mı-/y/ım? Hazır olmasının gerekip gerekmediğini sordu.
Must I be ready? He asked if he must be ready.
Sabah-leyin okul-da ol-malı mı-sın?
He asked if it was necessary for him to be in school in the morning.
Must you be at school in the morning?
He wanted to know if I must be at school in the morning.
Balıklar kızar-mış mı ol-malı?
Balıkların kızarmış olmasının gerekip gerekmediğini soruyor.
Must the fish be fried?
He asks if the fish must be fried.
Sabırlı mı ol-malı-/y/ız?
Sabırlı olmalarının gerekli olup olmadığını sordu.
Must we be patient?
He asked if they must be patient.
Interrogative words used with linking verbs:
Question words can be put in the beginning of all interrogative sentences
using linking verbs in Turkish and English. Additionally, the modal verbs
change their places and they are put before the subjects in English. In
Turkish, the rest of the sentences are either in positive or negative form as
they are in the example sentences below:
Ne zaman hazır ol-malı-/y/ız?
Ne zaman hazır olmaları gerektiğini sordu.
When must we be ready?
He asked when they must be ready.
Nere-de ol-malı-lar? Onların nerede olmaları gerektiğini sordu.
Where must they be? He asked where they must be.
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
12
ol-ama(z) = can’t be (Impossibility)
When the subject allomorphs attach to the “ol-ama(z)” modal verbs, they
change as follows:
Ol-ama-am, Ol-amaz-sın, Ol-amaz, Ol-ama-/y/ız, Ol-amaz-sınız, Ol-amaz-
lar.
Sen-siz ol-ama-am. Bensiz olamayacağını söyledi.
I can’t be without you. He said that he could not be without me.
Ciddi ol-amaz-sın; şaka yap-ı.yor ol-malı-sın.
Benim ciddi olamayacağımı, şaka yapıyor olabileceğimi söyledi.
You can’t be serious; you must be joking.
He said that I couldn’t be serious, I must be joking.
Jack ders çalış-ı.yor ol-amaz; futbol oyna-u.yor ol-malı.
Jack’in ders çalışıyor olamayacağını, futbol oynuyor olabileceğini söyledi.
Jack can’t be studying; he must be playing football.
He said that Jack couldn’t be studying, he must be playing football.
Hatalı ol-ama-/y/ız. Hatalı olamayacaklarını söyledi.
We can’t be wrong. He said that they couldn’t be wrong.
Question:
İyi bir yüzücü ol-amaz mı-/y/ım?
İyi bir yüzücü olup olamayacağını sordu.
Can’t I be a good swimmer?
He asked if he could be a good swimmer.
Başarılı ol-amaz mı-/y/ız? Başarılı olup olamayacklarını sordu.
Can’t we be successful? He asked if they could not be successful.
Büro-da ol-amaz mı-siniz? Büroda olup olamyacağımızı sordu.
Can’t you be in the office? He asked if we could be in the office.
Sorumsuz ol-amaz-lar mı?
Onların sorumsuz olup olmadıklarını öğrenmek istedi.
Can’t they be irresponsible?
He wanted to learn if they cauldn’t be irresponsible.
Perfect modals: should have been
Positive:
Sabırlı ol-malı/y/-dı-ım.
Sabırlı olması gerektiğini fakat olamadığını söyledi.
I should have been patient. He said that he should have been patient.
HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH
13
Daha dikkatli ol-malı/y/-dı-ın.
Daha dikkatli olmam gerektiğini fakat olamadığımı söyledi.
You should have been more careful.
He said that I should have been more careful.
Saat sekiz-de okul-da ol-malı/y/-dı.
Onun saat sekizde okulda olması gerektiğini fakat olamadığını söyledi.
He should have been at school at eight.
He said the he should have been at school.
Saat sekiz-de okul-da ol-acak-ız.
Saat sekizde okulda olacağımızı söyledim.
We will be at school at eight.
I said that we would be at school at eight.

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How english and turkish subject complements turn into objects in reported speech

  • 1. 2016 HOW ENGLISH AND TURKISH SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS TURN INTO OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH Yüksel Göknel Y G O K N E L @ O U T L O O K . C O M
  • 2. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 2 When English subject complements turn into objects, they become noun clauses, but when Turkish subject complements turn into objects, they become noun phrases. This kind of transformation is clearly seen when subject complements are used in reported speech. Simple present positive: Haklı-sın. Haklı olduğumu söylüyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb You are right. He says that I am right. (subj complement) noun clause (object) İstanbul-da-/y/ız. İstanbulda olduklarını söylüyorlar. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb We are in İstanbul. They say that they are in İstanbul. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Ev-de-sin. Evde olduğumu söylüyor. (subj compl) noun phrase (object) verb You are at home. He says that I am at home (subj complement) noun clause (object) Simple present negative: To change the positive linking verbs into negative forms, the negative making adverb “değil” is used after a subject complement, such as: Mutlu değil-im. Mutlu olmadığını söylüyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb I am not happy. He says that he is not happy. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Yakışıklı değil-sin. Yakışıklı olmadığımı söylüyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb You are not handsome. He says that I am not handsome. (subj complement) noun clause (object) İstekli değil. Onun istekli olmadığını söylüyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb He is not willing. He says that he is not willing. (subj complement) nun clause (object) Öfkeli değil-iz. Öfkeli olmadıklarını söylüyorlar. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb We are not angry. They say that they are not angry. (subj complement) noun clause (object) İstekli değil-siniz. İstekli olmadığımızı söylüyor. (subj complement noun phrase (object) verb You are not willing. He says that we are not willing. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Ev-de değil-ler. Onların evde olmadıklarını söylüyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb They are not at home. He says that they are not at home. (subject complement) noun clause (object)
  • 3. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 3 Simple present positive question: To turn the positive linking verbs into the positive question forms, the [mi, mı] interrogative allomorphs are attached to the personal subject allo- morphs separately. Deli mi-/y/im? Deli olup olmadığını soruyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb Am I crazy? He asks if he is crazy or not. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Ev-de mi-sin? Evde olup olmadığımı soruyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb Are you at home? He asks if I am at home or not. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Fatma-/n/ın göz-ler-i mavi mi? Fatmanın gözlerinin mavi olup olmadığını soruyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb Are Fatma’s eyes blue? He asks if fatma’s eyes are blue. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Dikkatsiz mi-/y/iz? Dikkatsiz olup olmadıklarını soruyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb Are we careless? He asks if they are careless or not. (subj complement) noun clause (object)) Hazır mı-sınız? Hazır olup olmadığımızı soruyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb Are you ready? He asks if we are ready. (subj complement) noun clause (object) İyi-ler mi? Onların iyi olup olmdıklarını soruyor. (subj compl) noun phrase (object) verb Are they all right? He asks if they are all right. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Simple present negative question: To turn a positive linking verb form into a negative linking verb form, the negative making adverb “değil” is used after the subject complement: Çalışkan değil mi-/y/im? Çalışkan olup olmadığını soruyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb Am I not hardworking? He asks if he is not hardworking. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Sorumlu değil mi-siniz? Sorumlu olup olmadığımızı soruyor. (subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb Aren’t you responsible? He asks if we are not responsible. (subject complement) noun clause (object) Anne-en ev-de değil mi? Annemin evde olup olmadığını soruyor. (subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb Isn’t your mother at home? He asks if my mother is not at home. (subject complement) noun clause (object)
  • 4. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 4 İsteksiz degil-ler mi? İsteksiz olup olmadıklarını soruyor. (subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb Aren’t they unwilling? He asks if they are not unwilling. (subject complement) noun clause (object) Güzel değil mi-/y/im? Güzel olup olmadığını soruyor. (subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb Am I not beautiful? She asks if she is not beautiful. (subject complement) noun clause (object) Question words used with linking verbs: Nere-de-siniz? Nerede olduğumuzu soruyor. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb Where are you? He asks where we are. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Niçin hazır değil-sin? Niçin hazır olmadığımı soruyor. (subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb Why aren’t you ready? He asks why I am not ready. (subject complement) noun clause (object) SIMPLE PAST TENSE Simple past tense allomorphs of the linking verbs are [di, dı, dü, du, ti, tı, tü, tu], which are attached to the subject allomorphs below: (ben) [im, ım, üm, um], (sen) [in, ın, ün, un], (o) [∅], (biz) [ik, ık, ük, uk], (siz) [iniz, ınız, ünüz, unuz], (onlar) [ler, lar] Positive: Ev-de/y/-di-im. Evde olduğunu söyledi. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb I was at home. He said that he was at home. (subj complement) noun clause (object) . Mutlu/y/-du-uk. Mutlu olduklarını söylediler. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb We were happy. They said that they were happy. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Sarhoş-tu-lar. Sarhoş olduklarını söyledi. (subj complement) noun phrase (object) verb They were drunk. He said that they were drunk. (subj complement) noun clause (object) Kapı-/n/ın önü/n/-de/y/-di-im. Kapının önünde olduğunu söyledi. (subject complement) noun phrase (object) verb I was in front of the door. He said that he was in front of the door. (subject complement) noun clause (object)
  • 5. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 5 Negative: To turn a positive linking verb into a negative statement, the negative making adverb “değil” is used after the subject complement, which is attached to past time and personal subject allomorphs: Yorgun değil-di-im. Yorgun olmadığını söyledi. I was not tired. He said that he was not tired Sorumlu değil-di-iniz. Sorumlu olmadığımızı söyledi. You were not responsible. He said that we were not responsible. Ev-de değil-ler-di. Evde olmadıklarını söyledi. They were not at home. He said that they were not at home. Meşgul değil-di-ik. Mesgul olmadıklarını söyledi. We were not busy. He said that they were not busy. Positive question: To turn a positive linking verb into a positive question form, one of the [mi, mı, mü, mu] question allomorphs is attached to time and personal allomorphs separately: Dün okul-da mı/y/-dı-ın? Dün okulda olup olmadığımı sordu. Were you at school yesterday? He asked if I was at school yesterday. Miting kalabalık mı/y/-dı? Mitingin kalabalık olup olmadığını öğrenmek istedi. Was the meeting crowded? He asked if the meeting was crowded. Yorgun mu/y/-du-unuz? Yorgun olup olmadığımızı sordu. Were you tired? He asked if we were tired. Negative question: In negative question forms, the negative making adverb “değil” follows the subject complement as they are in the following examples: Dün okul-da değil mi/y/-di-in? Dün okulda olup olmadığımı sordu. Were you not at school yesterday? He asked if I was not at school. Masal ilginç değil mi/y/-di? Masalın ilginç olup olmadığını sordu. Wasn’t the story interesting? He asked if the story was interesting. Hazır değil mi/y/-di-iniz? Hazır olup olmadığımızı sordu. Were’t you ready? He asked if we were not ready.
  • 6. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 6 SIMPLE FUTURE Positive: Ev-de ol-acak-ım. Evde olacağını söyledi. I will be at home. He said that he would be at home, Hazır-ol-acak-sın. Hazır olacağımı söyledi. You will be ready. He said that I would be ready. . Sarhoş-ol-acak-lar. Sarhoş olacaklarını söyledi. They will be drunk. He said that they would be drunk. Öğrenciler neşeli ol-acak-lar. Öğrencilerin neşeli olacaklarını söyledi. The students will be cheerful. He said that the students would be cheerful. Araba-am kapı-/n/ın ön-ü/n/-de ol-acak. Arabasının kapının önünde olacağını söyledi. My car will be in front of the door. He said that his car would be in front of the door. Negative: Sorumlu olma-/y/acak-sınız. Sorumlu olmayacağımızı söyledi. You will not be responsible. He said that we would not be responsible. Ev-de olma-/y/acak-ız. Evde olmayacaklarını söyledi. We will not be at home. He said that they would not be at home. Meşgul olma-/y/acak-ız. Meşgul olmayacaklarını söyledi. We we will not be busy. He said that they would not be busy. Positive question: Yarın tiyatro-da ol-acak mı-sın? Ertesi gün tiyatroda olup olmayacağımı sordu. Will you be at the theatre tomorrow? He asked if I would be at the theatre the next day.
  • 7. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 7 Yarın miting kalabalık ol-acak mı? Ertesi gün mitingin kalabalık olup olmayacağını sordu. Will the meeting be crowded? He asked if the meeting would be crowded the following day.. Sorular zor ol-acak mı? Soruların zor olup olmayacağını sordu. Will the questions be difficult? He asked if the questions would be difficult. Negative question: Yarın okul-da ol-ma-/y/acak mı-sın? Ertesi gün okulda olup olmayacağımı sordu. Will you not be at school tomorrow? He asked me if I would not be at school the following day. Hazır olma-/y/acak mı-sınız? Hazır olup olmayacağımızı sordu. Will you not be ready? He asked if we would not be ready. Meşgul ol-ma-/y/acak mı-sınız? Meşgul olup olmayacağımızı sordu. Will you not be busy? He asked if we would not be busy. Have been, has been, had been, will be Kız kardeş-im on yıl-dır öğretmen. Kız kardeşinin on yıldır öğretmen olduğunu söyledi. My sister has been a teacher for ten years. He said that her sister had been a teacher for ten years. Hava üç gün-dür çok soğuk. Havanın üç gündür soğuk oldduğundan şikayet etti. It has been very cold for three days. He complained that it had been been very cold for three days Oğul-um yakında doctor ol-acak. Oğlunun yakında doctor olacağını söyledi. My son will be a doctor soon. He said that his son would be a doctor soon. MODALS Present modals positive: ol-[abil-ir]-[personal subject allomorph] = “can be” or “may be”
  • 8. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 8 Turkish modal verbs are used followed by subject complements attached by one of the subject allomorphs: (ben) [im], (sen) [sin], (o) [∅], (biz) [iz], (siz) [siniz], (onlar) [ler]: Yorgun ol-abil-ir-im. Yorgun olabileceğini söyledi. I may be tired. He said that he might be tired. Sorumlu ol-abil-ir-sin. Sorumlu olabileceğimi söylüyor. You may be responsible. He says that I may be responsible. Jack bahçe-de ol-abil-ir. Jack’in bahçede olabileceğini söyledi. Jack may be in the garden. He said that Jack might be in the garden. Meşgul ol-abil-ir-iz. Meşgul olabileceklerini söyledi. We may be busy. He said that they might be busy. İsteksiz ol-abil-ir-siniz. İsteksiz olabileceğimizi söyledi. You may be unwilling. He said that we might be unwilling. Turist ol-abil-ir-ler. Turist olabileceklerini söyledi. They may be tourists. He said that they might be tourists. Negative: ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-[subject allomorph] = may not be Ev-de ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-im. Evde olmayabileceğini söyledi. I may not be at home. He said that he might not be at home. Mutlu ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-sin. Mutlu olmayabileceğimi söyledi. You may not be happy. He said that I might not be happy. Ankara-da hava güneşli ol-ma-/y/abil-ir. Ankara’da havanın güneşli olmayabileceğini söyledi. The weather may not be sunny in Ankara. He said that the weather might not be sunny in Ankara. Okul-un ön-ü/n/-de ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-iz. Okulun önünde olmayabileceklerini söyledi. We may not be in front of the school. He said that they might not be in front of the school. Haklı ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-siniz. Haklı olmayabileceğimizi söyledi. You may not be right. He said that we might not be right. Hoşlan-mış ol-ma-/y/abil-ir-ler. Hoşlanmış olmayabileceklerini söyledi. They may not be pleased. He said that they might not be pleased.
  • 9. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 9 Positive question: “Can” is used in question forms in English in place of “may”: Başarılı ol-abil-ir mi-/y/im? Başarılı olup olamayacağını sordu. Can I be successful? He asked if he could be successful. Yarın bürom-da ol-abil-ir mi-sin? Ertesi gün bürosunda olup olamayacağımı sordu. Can you be in my office tomorrow? He asked me if I could be in his office the following day. Anne-en öfkeli ol-abil-ir mi? Annemin öfkeli olup olamayacağını sordu. Can your mother be angry? He asked if my mother could be angry. Birazdan hazır ol-abil-ir-ler mi? Birazdan hazır olup olamacaklarını sordu. Can they be ready soon? He asked if they could be ready soon. Negative question: To turn the “ol-abil-r” modal form into negative, “ol-amaz” modal form is used: Haklı ol-amaz mı-/y/ım? Haklı olup olmadığını sordu. Can’t I be right? He asked if he could not be right. Dürüst ol-amaz mı-sın? Dürüst olup olamayacağımı sordu. Can’t you be honest? He asked me if I could not be honest. Jack futbol oynuyor ol-amaz mı? Jackin futbol oynuyor olup olamayacağını sordu. Can’t Jack be playing football? He asked if Jack could not be playing football. Suçsuz ol-amaz mı-/y/ız? Suçsuz olamazlar mı diye sordu. Can’t we be innocent? He asked if they could not be innocent. Dikkatli ol-amaz mı-sınız? Dikkatli olup olamayacağımızı sordu. Can’t you be careful? He asked if we could be careful. Sabırlı ol-amaz-lar mı? Sabırlı olup olamayacaklerını sordu. Can’t they be patient? He asked if they could patient.
  • 10. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 10 Ol-malı = must be Positive: To arrange a “must be” model form in Turkish, a “subject complement + ol-malı-[subject allomorph]” verb phrase should be used, which expresses either certainty or necessity or both. Here are some example sentences: Hazır ol-malı-sın. “Hazır olmamın gerekli olduğunu söyledi. Hazır olabileceğimi söyledi. You must be ready. He said that I had to be ready or perhaps I was ready. The Turkish and English sentences above are ambiguous because they may both mean “have to” or “perhaps”. O-/n/a inan-dık-ım için aptal ol-malı-/y/ım. Ona inanmakla aptallık ettğimi söyledi. I must be stupid to believe him. He said that he must be stupid to believe him. Sinirli ol-malı-sın. Bana sinirli olabileceğimi söyledi. You must be nervous. He said that I must be nervous. Baba-an dahi ol-malı. Babamın dahi olabileceğini söyledi. Your father must be genius. He said that my father must be genius. Dikkatli ol-malı-/y/ız. Dikkatli olmaları gerektiğini söyledi. We must be careful. He said that they must be careful. Cesur ol-malı-sınız. Cesur olmamız gerektiğini söyledi. You must be brave. He said that he was sure we were brave; or he said that we had to be brave. Negative: In the negative form, the negative making allomorph [me or ma] attaches to the verb “ol”: Sabırsız ol-ma-malı-/y/ım. Sabırsız olmaması gerektiğini söyledi. I mustn’t be impatient. He said that he mustn’t be impatient. Üzül-me-meli-sin. Üzülmemem gerektiğini söyledi. You mustn’t be sorry. He said that I mustn’t be sorry. Tertipsiz ol-ma-malı. Tertipsiz olmaması gerektiğini söyledi. He mustn’t be untidy. He said that he mustn’t be untidy.
  • 11. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 11 Dikkatsiz ol-ma-malı-/y/ız. Dikkatsiz olmamaları gerektiğini söyledi. We mustn’t be careless. He said that they mustn’t be careless. Kayıtsız ol-ma-malı-sınız. Kayıtsız olmamamız gerektiğini söyledi. You mustn’t be indifferent. He said that we mustn’t be indifferent. Geç kal-ma-malı-lar. Geç kalmamaları gerektiğini söyledi. They mustn’t be late. He said that they mustn’t be late. Positive question: In question forms, the [mı] interrogative allomorph attaches to the subject allomorphs, and they follow the [ol-malı] verb together as a separate word: Hazır ol-malı mı-/y/ım? Hazır olmasının gerekip gerekmediğini sordu. Must I be ready? He asked if he must be ready. Sabah-leyin okul-da ol-malı mı-sın? He asked if it was necessary for him to be in school in the morning. Must you be at school in the morning? He wanted to know if I must be at school in the morning. Balıklar kızar-mış mı ol-malı? Balıkların kızarmış olmasının gerekip gerekmediğini soruyor. Must the fish be fried? He asks if the fish must be fried. Sabırlı mı ol-malı-/y/ız? Sabırlı olmalarının gerekli olup olmadığını sordu. Must we be patient? He asked if they must be patient. Interrogative words used with linking verbs: Question words can be put in the beginning of all interrogative sentences using linking verbs in Turkish and English. Additionally, the modal verbs change their places and they are put before the subjects in English. In Turkish, the rest of the sentences are either in positive or negative form as they are in the example sentences below: Ne zaman hazır ol-malı-/y/ız? Ne zaman hazır olmaları gerektiğini sordu. When must we be ready? He asked when they must be ready. Nere-de ol-malı-lar? Onların nerede olmaları gerektiğini sordu. Where must they be? He asked where they must be.
  • 12. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 12 ol-ama(z) = can’t be (Impossibility) When the subject allomorphs attach to the “ol-ama(z)” modal verbs, they change as follows: Ol-ama-am, Ol-amaz-sın, Ol-amaz, Ol-ama-/y/ız, Ol-amaz-sınız, Ol-amaz- lar. Sen-siz ol-ama-am. Bensiz olamayacağını söyledi. I can’t be without you. He said that he could not be without me. Ciddi ol-amaz-sın; şaka yap-ı.yor ol-malı-sın. Benim ciddi olamayacağımı, şaka yapıyor olabileceğimi söyledi. You can’t be serious; you must be joking. He said that I couldn’t be serious, I must be joking. Jack ders çalış-ı.yor ol-amaz; futbol oyna-u.yor ol-malı. Jack’in ders çalışıyor olamayacağını, futbol oynuyor olabileceğini söyledi. Jack can’t be studying; he must be playing football. He said that Jack couldn’t be studying, he must be playing football. Hatalı ol-ama-/y/ız. Hatalı olamayacaklarını söyledi. We can’t be wrong. He said that they couldn’t be wrong. Question: İyi bir yüzücü ol-amaz mı-/y/ım? İyi bir yüzücü olup olamayacağını sordu. Can’t I be a good swimmer? He asked if he could be a good swimmer. Başarılı ol-amaz mı-/y/ız? Başarılı olup olamayacklarını sordu. Can’t we be successful? He asked if they could not be successful. Büro-da ol-amaz mı-siniz? Büroda olup olamyacağımızı sordu. Can’t you be in the office? He asked if we could be in the office. Sorumsuz ol-amaz-lar mı? Onların sorumsuz olup olmadıklarını öğrenmek istedi. Can’t they be irresponsible? He wanted to learn if they cauldn’t be irresponsible. Perfect modals: should have been Positive: Sabırlı ol-malı/y/-dı-ım. Sabırlı olması gerektiğini fakat olamadığını söyledi. I should have been patient. He said that he should have been patient.
  • 13. HOW SUBJECT COMPLEMENTS BECOME OBJECTS IN REPORTED SPEECH 13 Daha dikkatli ol-malı/y/-dı-ın. Daha dikkatli olmam gerektiğini fakat olamadığımı söyledi. You should have been more careful. He said that I should have been more careful. Saat sekiz-de okul-da ol-malı/y/-dı. Onun saat sekizde okulda olması gerektiğini fakat olamadığını söyledi. He should have been at school at eight. He said the he should have been at school. Saat sekiz-de okul-da ol-acak-ız. Saat sekizde okulda olacağımızı söyledim. We will be at school at eight. I said that we would be at school at eight.