sensory transduction anatomy neurotransmitters nernst equation sleep neuroscience neuroanatomy photoreceptors complications general surgery pheochromocytoma surgical approach adrenal tumor pathology inverse myotatic reflex muscle spindles withdrawal reflex flexion reflexes golgi tendon organs stretch reflex crossed extensor reflex spinal reflexes proprioception sensory receptors pain sensations nociceptors anterolateral pathway dorsal column medial-lemniscus pathway thermoreceptors cutaneous mechanoreceptors pain disorders central projections somatosensory system rem sleep parkinsons disease basal ganglia cerebellum vor vestibular reflex otolith organs semicircular canals vestibular system hair cells basilar membrane cochlea physiology ear efferent afferent parasympathetic sympathetic autonomic nervous system synapses electrotonic conduction epsp ipsp action potential membrane conductance ion channel membrane potential ion channels electrophysiology cerebrospinal fluid blood brain barrier pns cns central nervous system neurons meninges peripheral nervous system caffeine locomotor region motor cortex pyramidal tract extrapyramidal tract reflex spinal cord movement central pattern generator cpg dark current colour vision rhodopsin phototransduction optic accommodation reflex eye retinal receptive fields visual cortex bipolar cells ganglion cells retina visual field
Tout plus